Interaction between the characteristics of urban three-dimensional landscape pattern and social-environmental factors based on boosted regression tree

doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202109.011

Abstract

Abstract: Vertical expansion makes the structure and pattern of the city more complicated. Traditional two-dimensional landscape pattern cannot completely reflect the ecological structure and functional characteristics of urban landscape. In this study, we used the three-dimensional landscape pattern metrics to quantify the regional three-dimensional landscape pattern, and used boosted regression tree (BRT) machine learning algorithms to comprehensively analyze the interaction between social-environmental factors and urban landscape patterns in the central part of Shanghai. Results showed that high building ratio, mean architecture height, and architecture height standard deviation had higher values in the surrounding area of the inner ring. The number of buildings and landscape shape index were higher in the outer ring than those in other area. Building coverage ratio, floor area ratio and Shannon's diversity index had higher values in the central part, with the metrics of Puxi being generally higher than those of Pudong. Population density and normalized vegetation index (NDVI) interacted most significantly with the three-dimensional landscape pattern, with GDP as the least influential factor. Within a certain range, the three-dimensional landscape pattern metrics increased with larger population density in the social factors, and decreased with lower rate of NDVI and water surface ratio in the environmental factors. Our results demonstrated that the BRT method was effective in quantifying the interaction between landscape pattern and social-environmental factors. Our results help improve the understanding of the relationship between ecological environment and human well-being in the central part of Shanghai and provide a scientific basis for the urban three-dimensional expansion planning.

Key words: three-dimensional landscape pattern, landscape pattern metrics, boosted regression tree, marginal effect

DONG Qian-qian, LIU Yao-yi, ZENG Peng, SUN Feng-yun, ZHANG Ran, TIAN Tian, CHE Yue. Interaction between the characteristics of urban three-dimensional landscape pattern and social-environmental factors based on boosted regression tree[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2021, 32(9): 3311-3320.

References

[1] Liu M, Hu YM, Li CL. Landscape metrics for three-dimensional urban building pattern recognition. Applied Geography, 2017, 87: 66-72
[2] 徐建华, 岳文泽, 谈文琦. 城市景观格局尺度效应的空间统计规律——以上海中心城区为例. 地理学报, 2004, 59(6): 1058-1067 [Xu J-H, Yue W-Z, Tan W-Q. The spatial statistical rule of the scale effect of urban landscape pattern: A case study of Shanghai central city. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2004, 59(6): 1058-1067]
[3] 钱雨果, 周伟奇, 李伟峰, 等. 基于类型和要素的城市多等级景观分类方法. 生态学报, 2015, 35(15): 5207-5214 [Qian Y-G, Zhou W-Q, Li W-F, et al. A hierarchical landscape classification system for urban regions with high resolution remote sensing image. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2015, 35(15): 5207-5214]
[4] 张小飞, 王仰麟, 李正国, 等.三维城市景观生态研究. 生态学报, 2007, 27(7): 2972-2982 [Zhang X-F, Wang Y-L, Li Z-G, et al. Preliminary theory of three-dimensional urban landscape ecology. Acta Ecolo-gica Sinica, 2007, 27(7): 2972-2982]
[5] Chen ZY, Xu B. Enhancing urban landscape configurations by integrating 3D landscape pattern analysis with people's landscape preferences. Environmental Earth Sciences, 2016, 75: 10.1007/s12665-016-5272-7
[6] Liu YP, Chen C, Li JJ, et al. Characterizing three dimensional (3-D) morphology of residential buildings by landscape metrics. Landscape Ecology, 2020, 35: 2587-2599
[7] Chen ZY, Xu B, Devereux B. Urban landscape pattern analysis based on 3D landscape models. Applied Geography, 2015, 14: 82-91
[8] 陈探, 刘淼, 胡远满, 等. 沈阳城市三维景观空间格局分异特征. 生态学杂志, 2015, 34(9): 2621-2627 [Chen T, Liu M, Hu Y-M, et al. Differentiation charac-teristics of three-dimensional landscape pattern in Shen-yang. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2015, 34(9): 2621-2627]
[9] 付凤杰, 刘珍环, 黄千杜. 深圳市福田区三维城市景观格局变化特征. 生态学报, 2019, 39(12): 4299-4308 [Fu F-J, Liu Z-H, Huang Q-D. Three-dimensional urban landscape pattern changes: A case study in the central business district of Futian, Shenzhen. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2019, 39(12): 4299-4308]
[10] 栾庆祖, 李波, 叶彩华, 等. 北京市三维景观格局的局地气象环境影响初探. 生态环境学报, 2019, 28(3): 514-522 [Luan Q-Z, Li B, Ye C-H, et al. Preliminary analysis about impacts of urban 3D landscape pattern on regional meteorological condition in Beijing. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2019, 28(3): 514-522]
[11] Connors JP, Galletti CS, Chow WTL. Landscape configu-ration and urban heat island effects: Assessing the relationship between landscape characteristics and land surface temperature in Phoenix, Arizona. Landscape Ecology, 2013, 28: 271-283
[12] Zhou WQ, Huang GL, Cadenasso ML. Does spatial configuration matter? Understanding the effects of land cover pattern on land surface temperature in urban landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2011, 102: 54-63
[13] Oke TR. The urban energy balance. Progress in Physical Geography, 1988, 12: 471-508
[14] 陈利顶, 孙然好, 刘海莲. 城市景观格局演变的生态环境效应研究进展. 生态学报, 2013, 33(4): 1042-1050 [Chen L-D, Sun R-H, Liu H-L. Eco-environmental effects of urban landscape pattern changes: Progresses, problems, and perspectives. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2013, 33(4): 1042-1050]
[15] 邵天一, 周志翔, 王鹏程, 等. 宜昌城区绿地景观格局与大气污染的关系. 应用生态学报, 2004, 15(4): 691-696 [Shao T-Y, Zhou Z-X, Wang P-C, et al. Relationship between urban green-land landscape patterns and air pollution in the central district of Yichang City. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2004, 15(4): 691-696]
[16] Ren Y, Wei XH, Wang D, et al. Linking landscape patterns with ecological functions: A case study examining the interaction between landscape heterogeneity and carbon stock of urban forests in Xiamen, China. Forest Ecology and Management, 2013, 293: 122-131
[17] 张培峰, 宋宇歌, 刘俊, 等. 城市三维建筑景观的影响因素分析. 城市建筑, 2019, 16(31): 135-139 [Zhang P-F, Song Y-G, Liu J, et al. Analysis on the influential factors of urban three-dimensional architectural landscape. Urbanism and Architecture, 2019, 16(31): 135-139]
[18] 蒋宇超, 金晓斌, 覃丽君, 等. 近六百年来城市建成区扩展过程与特征分析——以苏沪地区为例. 城市规划, 2019, 43(12): 55-68 [Jiang Y-C, Jin X-B, Tan L-J, et al. Process and characteristics of urban built-up area expansion in Jiangsu-Shanghai region in the past 600 years. City Planning Review, 2019, 43(12): 55-68]
[19] 周璐. 基于GIS与空间句法的杭州城市内部形态演变研究. 硕士论文. 杭州: 浙江大学, 2020. [Zhou L. Research on Hangzhou City Internal Form Evolution based on GIS and Space Syntax. Master Thesis. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University, 2020]
[20] 吴健生, 罗可雨, 赵宇豪. 深圳市近20年城市景观格局演变及其驱动因素. 地理研究, 2020, 39(8): 1725-1738 [Wu J-S, Luo K-Y, Zhao Y-H. The evolution of urban landscape pattern and its driving forces of Shenzhen from 1996 to 2015. Geographical Research, 2020, 39(8): 1725-1738]
[21] Hu YF, Dai ZX, Guldmann JM. Modeling the impact of 2D/3D urban indicators on the urban heat island over different seasons: A boosted regression tree approach. Journal of Environmental Management, 2020, 266, doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110424
[22] Sayegh A, Tate JE, Ropkins K. Understanding how roadside concentrations of NOx are influenced by the background levels, traffic density, and meteorological conditions using boosted regression trees. Atmospheric Environment, 2016, 127: 163-175
[23] 中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部. 民用建筑设计统一标准[EB/OL]. (2019-03-13) [2020-12-12]. http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/wjfb/201905/t20190530_240715.html [Minstry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People's Republic of Chian. Uniform Standard for Civil Building Design. [EB/OL] (2019-03-13) [2020-12-12]. http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/wjfb/201905/t20190530_240715.html]
[24] McGarigal K. FRAGSTATS Help. Massachusetts, UK: University of Massachusetts, 2015
[25] Elith J, Leathwick JR, Hastie T. A working guide to boosted regression trees. Journal of Animal Ecology, 2008, 77: 802-813
[26] 周俭, 俞静, 陈雨露, 等. 上海总体城市设计中的城市高度秩序研究. 城市规划学刊, 2017(2): 61-68 [Zhou J, Yu J, Chen Y-L, et al. A research on the height pattern in Shanghai's overall urban design. Urban Planning Forum, 2017(2): 61-68]
[27] 李佳佳, 刘宇鹏, 韩骥, 等. 以材料“创造”土地？——中国城市化进程的一个重要特征. 生态学报, 2019, 39(24): 9246-9256 [Liu J-J, Liu Y-P, Han J, et al. Creating land by materials? An important feature of China's urbanization. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2019, 39(24): 9246-9256]
[28] 虞思逸. 城市三维空间形态对人居环境影响的测度与评价研究. 博士论文. 上海: 华东师范大学, 2020 [Yu S-Y. Measuring and Evaluating the Effects of Three-dimensional Urban Spatial Pattern on Urban Human Settlements. PhD Thesis. Shanghai: East China Normal University, 2020]
[29] 沈娅男. 环境正义理念下上海中心城区公共绿地空间布局研究. 硕士论文. 上海: 华东师范大学, 2017 [Shen Y-N. Analyzing the Spatial Distribution of Public Green Spaces in the Central City of Shanghai in Terms of Environmental Justice. Master Thesis. Shanghai: East China Normal University, 2017]
[30] 赵君丽. 人口变化与房地产需求——人口结构变化与房地产周期相关性研究. 城市开发, 2002(8): 53-55 [Zhao J-L. Demographic change and real estate demand: Research on the correlation between demographic change and real estate cycle. Urban Development, 2002(8): 53-55]
[31] 谢琛, 袁建华. 基于灰色理论的人口年龄结构对房地产需求影响分析. 数学的实践与认识, 2010, 40(10): 201-209 [Xie C, Yuan J-H. Analysis of the influence of population age structure on real estate demand based on grey theory. Mathematics in Practice and Theory, 2010, 40(10): 201-209]
[32] 陈国进, 李威, 周洁. 人口结构与房价关系研究——基于代际交叠模型和我国省际面板的分析. 经济学家, 2013(10): 40-47 [Chen G-J, Li W, Zhou J. Research on the relationship between population structure and housing price: Based on the analysis of intergenerational overlap model and Chinese provincial panel. Econo-mist, 2013(10): 40-47]
[33] Kong FH, Nakagoshi N. Spatial-temporal gradient analysis of urban green spaces in Jinan, China. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2005, 78: 147-164
[34] Ziter CD, Pedersen EJ, Kucharik CJ, et al. Scale-dependent interactions between tree canopy cover and impervious surfaces reduce daytime urban heat during summer. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2019, 116: 7575-7580
[35] Whitford V, Ennos AR, Handley JF. “City form and natural process”; Indicators for the ecological perfor-mance of urban areas and their application to Merseyside, UK. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2001, 57: 91-103
[36] Dzhambov AM, Dimitrova DD. Green spaces and environmental noise perception. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 2015, 14: 1000-1008
[37] Xu F, Wang YT, Xiang N, et al. Uncovering the willingness-to-pay for urban green space conservation: A survey of the capital area in China. Resources, Conservation & Recycling, 2020, 162, doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105053
[38] James P, Tzoulas K, Adams MD, et al. Towards an integrated understanding of green space in the European built environment. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 2009, 8: 65-75
[39] 程江, 杨凯, 赵军, 等. 上海中心城区河流水系百年变化及影响因素分析. 地理科学, 2007, 27(1): 85-91 [Cheng J, Yang K, Zhao J, et al. Variation of river system in center district of Shanghai and its impact factors during the last one hundred years. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2007, 27(1): 85-91]
[40] 程锐辉, 范群杰, 汪昱昆, 等. 基于PSR模型的上海地区河网脆弱性探讨. 华东师范大学学报: 自然科学版), 2019(3): 144-154 [Cheng R-H, Fan Q-J, Wang Y-Q, et al. A discussion on river network vulnerability in Shanghai based on the PSR model. Journal of East China Normal University: Natural Science, 2019(3): 144-154]
[41] 李昆, 王玲, 孙伟, 等. 城市化下景观格局对河流水质变化的空间尺度效应分析.环境科学学报, 2020, 40(1): 343-352 [Li K, Wang L, Sun W, et al. Spatial effect of landscape pattern on river water quality under urbanization. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2020, 40(1): 343-352]