Table of Content

15 June 2003, Volume 14 Issue 6

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Eco-value level classification and ecosystem management strategy of broad-leaved Korean pine forest in Changbai Mountain

ZHENG Jingming, JIANG Fengqi, ZENG Dehui

2003, (6):  839-844. 

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To realize the sustainable management of forest ecosystems,we should explicitly clarify the types and differences of the ecosystem services provided by different ecosystems under different conditions,with rethinking about the value of forest ecosystems; then solid management strategies and measurements will be enacted and applied to achieve the objects. The broad leaved Korean pine forest (BLKPF) in Changbai Mountain is a unique and important forest type in China,owing to its many important ecosystem services such as preventing soil erosion,regulating climates,nutrient cycling,providing wood and non timber forest products,etc. This paper is a preliminary study on the management strategy of BLKPF on the basis of analyzing the characters of the ecosystems and the relative importance of services they provided in this region. Based on the latest research of ecosystem services of BLKPF in Changbai Mountain,an idea of eco value level (EVL) was introduced,and accordingly,management strategies were summarized by adopting the advanced theories in ecosystem management science and by analyzing field survey data.EVL means the relative amount of the value of ecosystem services provided by certain ecosystem,which can indicate the difference between services in given objects. The EVL classification of BLKPF implies the relative amount of the eco value of different ecosystems including virgin forest,secondary forest,forest with human disturbance,and man made forest in the clear cutting sites. Analytical Hierarchical Processing method was used to formulate the equation for EVL index. Eight factors,namely,slope,soil depth,stability of soil maternal material,coverage of above ground canopy,species diversity,regeneration rate of the stand,life span of dominant tree species,and intensity of human disturbance were chosen to build the formula. These factors belonged to three aspects affecting ecosystem services including the physical environment,community,and disturbance regime,and their selection and scaling were based on the previous studies on the BLKPF. The equation of EVLindex (EI) was expressed as: EI=0.542A₁+0.171A₂+0.072A₃+0.067B₁+0.043B₂+0.014B₃+0.010B₄₁. According to the range of EI,ecosystems were classified into three types: low EVLtype with EIfrom 1.000 to 1.874,medium EVL type with EI 1.874～2.749,and high EVL type with EI 2.749～3.623.Typical plots were surveyed and scaled with EI,and the predominant characters of each EVL type were summarized. Most forests of high EVL type were those in sites at high risk of soil erosion and hard to recover after disrupted.Forests of medium EVL type were those with worse community structure and composition,and were disturbed by human activities in relative steep sites. Forests of low EVL type were those in plane site with serious disruption or some young man made stands. Based on the analyses of the characters of these three types,different management strategies were put forward. For high EVL type forest,strictly protection is most important to maintain the forest in natural succession and its eco services. For medium EVL type forest,the key points of management are restoring their health and vigor by regulating their composition and structure in a semi natural way. For low EVL type forest,some area could be used to extensive exploration for economic benefits,and the rests should be reconstructed towards the original stand in composition and structure,based on the ‘shadow ecosystem' in a close to nature way to promote the capacity of providing more eco services.

Forest gap characteristic in a coniferous-Picea likiangensis forest in the Yulong Snow Mountain Natural Reserve,Yunnan Province,China

LIU Qing, WU Yan, WU Ning

2003, (6):  845-848. 

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In this paper, some important parameters related to the gap disturbance regimes in a coniferous Picea likiangensis forest in the Yulong Snow Mountain Natural Reserve,Yunnan Province were described. The results showed that expanded gaps occupied 42.5%,and canopy gaps occupied 28.8% of the land area in the forest. The frequency of gap disturbance was 35 gaps per hectares. There were 25% of small (gap area <50 m²), 41% of middle (gap area 50～100 m²),and 34% of large (gap area >100 m²) forest gaps. The most important manner of gap formation was the breakage at trunk base and its middle, and the secondly important manner was rotten. Gap maker in the forest was more than 80% of Picea likiangensis .The probability of making gaps was the greatest, when the big trees in the canopy layer got DBH 40～50 cm and height 15～25 m. Gaps formed by 1～2 gap makers was of 68.8%,and by 5 gap makers was seldom. The most of gap makers were 6 in a gap of the forest. The density of the seedlings in gap gradually increased with the forest gap from large to small.

Structures and spatial distribution patterns of dominant populations in Sycopsis sinensis community in Houhe Nature Reserve.

LI Xin, HU Lile, HUANG Handong, JIANG Mingxi

2003, (6):  849-852. 

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Based on the investigation data of 2 quadrats (1600 m² and 2400 m²) in Houhe Nature Reserve,tree size class method was applied to analyze the structures of the dominant populations, and t-test of v/m ratio,mean crowing index, negative binomial parameter, patchiness index and Morisita index were applied to analyze the spatial distribution patterns of two dominant populations.The clumping degrees were also evaluated according to their size classes in different quadrats.The results showed that Sycopsis sinensis population was a declining population, dominated by Ⅳ trees and difficult to regenerate. In the population, the individual percentage of Ⅳ trees accounted for 79.4% in Q₁ and 87.4% in Q₂, and those of Itrees and IItrees were few. However, the population of Cyclobalanopsis oxyodon was an growing one, and the individual percentages declined with the increasing size classes. The spatial distribution patterns of the two dominant populations distributed in clumps, but the clumping degrees existed diversity. With the increase of the size classes, the clumping degree of the population of Sycopsis sinensis intensified from random to clumping distribution, while that of the population of Cyclobalanopsis oxyodon weakened from clumping to random distribution.

Species diversity and managed ecosystem stability

FENG Yaozong

2003, (6):  853-857. 

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Based on partial experimental data of the studies on managed communities over 40 years, various managed communities in terms of ecological structures,e.g., rubber or tea plantation in one species with one community layer, rubber tea and rubber coffee of two species with two community layers, rubber luofumu qiannianjian of three species with three community layers,and artificial rain forest with multiple species and layers (hundred species with five layers) were discussed. The differences in systematic functions among three structures of the community were discussed,mainly from the followint spects:Biomass, productivity, and economical productivity;capability of protection and improvement of community environment (microclimate, soil etc.);capability of resistant to natural disaster (chilling and storm). The biomass and productivity in the system were significantly increased,as there were more species and vertical layers in the community. As the community structure became complicatied, the microclimatic factors inside the system were marked changed: relative humidity was higher,maximum temperature was lower, minimum temperature was higher, wind slowdown velocity was slowed down,soil erosion reduced, and the resistance to chilling and storm become stronger. It is concluded that the stability of the system could be greatly affected by an artificial ecosystem.

Grading of Robinia pseudoacacia and Platycladus orientalis woodland soil's water availability and productivity in semi-arid region of Loess Plateau

ZHANG Guangcan, LIU Xia, HE Kangning

2003, (6):  858-862. 

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With Li 6200 photosynthesis determination system and Li-1600 steaty state poro meter, this paper studied the responses of Robinia pseudoacacia L. and Platycladus orientalis L. leaves' net photo synthesis rate (Pn), carboxylation efficiency (CE), transpiration rate (Tr), water use efficiency (WUE_L), stomata conductance (Cs), stomata resistance (Rs),intercellular CO₂ concentration(Ci) and stomatal limitation (Ls) of Robinia pseudoacacia and Platycladus orientalis leaves to soil water content (SWC) in semi arid region of Loess Plateau,and based on this,the soil water availability and its productivity of test woodland soils were graded and evaluated. The results showed that on Robinia pseudoacacia and Platycladus orientalis woodland, the SWCless than4.5% and 4.0 %,respectively belonged to “non available water”; in the range of 4.5%～10.0% and 4.0 %～8.5%, “low productivity and low efficiency water”; 10.0%～13.5% and 8.5%～11.0%,“middle productivity and high efficiency water”;13.5%～17.0% and 11.0%～16.0%,“high productivity and middle efficiency water”; 17.0%～19.0% and 16.0%～19.0%,“middle productivity and low efficiency water”; and more that 19.0%,“low productivity and low efficiency water”.

Ecological risk assessment of forest resource in northeast China

WANG Chunmei, WANG Jinda, LIU Jingshuang, ZHANG Xuelin, YAN Denghua

2003, (6):  863-866. 

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Based on the theory and methods of regional eco-risk assessment (REA),the eco risk of forest resources in northeast China is evaluated. The stresses resulting in the eco risk of forest resources are physical,chemical,biological and social stresses. The weighed coefficient is 0.30,0.22,0.11 and 0.37,respectively. In93 forest bureaus of this area,64.4% bureaus are in slight risk,21.2% in mid-risk,13.3% in high risk and 1.1% in very high risk. This is in corresponding with the skew normal distribution. The eco risk of forest resourcs in northeast China is closely related to the locality of the resources. The risk becomes more and more serious from east to west. The risk management and restoration of the forest resource must be strengthened.

Effects of high temperature stress on net photosynthetic rate and photosystem Ⅱ activity in Citrus

GUO Yanping, ZHOU Huifen, ZENG Guanghui, ZHANG Liangcheng

2003, (6):  867-870. 

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Table ADC-225-MK3 CO₂ gas analyzer and PAM 2000 portable fluorescence measurement system were used to measure the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), initial fluorescence (Fo), maximal photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ (Fv/Fm) and electron transport rate (ETR) of satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) and navel orange (C. sinensis Osbeck) leaves. The results showed that exposure of citrus plants to high temperature (38～40 ℃) led to a lowering of Pn, Fv/Fm, and ETR, whereas Fo increased. After exposure to high temperature for 25 days, compared with normal temperature (25 ℃),the Pn of satsuma mandarin and navel orange leaves decreased by 55.6% and 39.8%, Fv/Fm decreased by 22.0% and 6.7% and ETR reduced by 55.0% and 41.5 %, respectively. On the other hand, Fo increased 113.8% and 14.9%,respectively. With subsequent transfer to the 25 ℃ culture room for 10 days, Pn, Fv/Fm, Fo and ETR recovered significantly. These results demonstrated that the reduction of Pn in Citrus was related to the inactivation of PSⅡ reaction center.

Impact of salt stress on peroxidase activity in Populus deltoides cambium and its consequence

LI Guoqi, AN Shuqing, ZHANG Jilin, LI Jin, WANG Yunjing, SUN Jinglin

2003, (6):  871-874. 

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Studies on the impact of salt stress on the peroxidase (POD) activity in Populus deltoides cambium and on the anatomic characteristics of its secondary xylem indicated that the changes of PODactivity caused by soil salinity stress behaved differently in dormant and growing period. In low salinity soil, the POD activity of dormant Populus deltoides showed the trend of increasing first,and then,decreasing as the soil salinity was rising gradually.Namely, with the rising of soil salinity in the range of 0.024→0.094→0.145%,the POD activity varied in the range of 83.7→132.1→63.2 units·min^-1 ·g^-1 FW accordingly.However,in growing season, with the gradual increase of soil salinity from 0.036 to 0.289%, the POD activity decreased gradually from 405.2 to 107.2 units·min^-1 ·g^-1 FW.There were regular changes in wood anatomic characteristics of Populus deltoides . Namely,with the increase of soil salinity 0.036→0.125→0.289%, the vessel diameters (VD) of both early wood and late wood varied accordingly in the range of 41.8→56.6→43.4 μm,and 29.1→33.1→33.1 μm, respectively.The vessel frequencies (VF) were 141.8→113.8→144.2 and 160.0→134.8→206.7 entries mm^-2, respectively. Along with the gradual increase of soil salinity from 0.036 to 0.289%, the fiber length gradually decreased from 693.8 to 570.4 μ m, and the fiber width decreased from 14.9 to 13.5 μm.

Seasonal changes of nitrogen and phosphorus and their translocation from leaves of ten tree species in central Japan

XUE Li, LUO Shan, TAN Tianyong

2003, (6):  875-878. 

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The leaves of evergreen broadleaved Quercus cuspidata,Ilex pedunculosa,Ilex rotunda,Machilus thunbergii,Pittosporum tobira and deciduous broadleaved Quercus serrata,Quercus variabilis,Celtis sinensis,Ginkgo biloba, and Evodiopanax innovans were collected from the time of full leaf expansion to the end of growing season to describe the seasonal contents of N and P patterns in leaves of these species. The Nand Pcontents in new and old leaves of evergreen Quercus cuspidata and Ilex rotunda had high levels in initial stage,low levels in medium stage,and increased in later stage. The seasonal changes of the Nand Pcontents in new leaves of evergreen Ilex pedunculosa and Pittosporum tobira were similar to those of Quercus cuspidata and Ilex rotunda,whereas in old leaves of the two species,they tended to decline with time.The N content in new and old leaves of Machilus thunbergii tended to increase,whereas their Pcontent tended to decrease. The N and P contents in leaves of deciduous species decreased during the growing season.The N translocation efficiency for all species ranged from 43～75%,whereas their Ptranslocation efficiency ranged from 62～84%.The N translocation efficiency in evergreen broadleaved species was similar to that in deciduous broadleaved species,whereas the Ptranslocation efficiency was higher than the latter. The mean N retranslocation efficiency for all species was higher than mean P retranslocation efficiency.

Evapotranspiration in Pumica granatum stand in Lower Taihang Mountain

LIU Zhijun, ZHANG Wanjun, CAO Jiansheng, MA Zhongqiu, NIU Jianzhi, KONDOH Akihiko

2003, (6):  879-881. 

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Based on energy balance method, the daily and monthly variations of evapotranspiration are measured in Pumica granatum stand in Lower Taihang Mountain. The evapotranspiration in different phenophase is also calculated. The results indicated that Pumica granatum trees close their stoma to decrease physiological transpiration at noon when the radiation is very intense. In Pumica granatum stand, the evapotranspiration was highly linearly correlated with net radiation. The regression equation was Y =0.0029 X -0.1449, and regression coefficient can reach 0.9. The total evapotranspiration was 424.08 mm, 64.59% of which was consumed from flowering phase to fruit maturing phase. Two essential supplementary irrigation, one in germination phase and the another before flowering phase, should be implemented to ensure the healthy growth of Pumica granatum trees.

Influences of Petrophytia moss on vegetation development in evergreen broad-leaved forest

WANG Zhongsheng, FANG Yanming

2003, (6):  882-886. 

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In order to examine the role of Petrophytia moss in maintaining the stability and integrity of forest vegetation,the distribution patterns of vascular plants among Petrophytia moss layer were investigated in five heterogeneous patches of evergreen broad leaved forest at Longwangshan, Zhejiang Province.The distribution and composition of vascular plants were jointly affected by various factors, such as disturbance degree in patch, moss growth condition,and water and soil conservation ability of moss layer. Original habitats patch 1 and patch 5 were kept well, and hence, the even depth, dry weight and maximum water holding capacity of moss layer, as well as the dry weight of soil and the soil water absorbing rate in moss layer for patch 1 and patch 5 were much more than other patches. For example,the even depth (cm) of moss layer were decreased in the order of patch 5(2.2)> patch 1(2.0)>patch 2(1.5)>patch 3(1.1)>patch 4(0.9);the ranking of vascular plant diversities among moss layer in each patch was patch 5(16)>patch 1(14)>patch 3(9)> patch 4(7),and the general cover of these plants was followed as patch 3(30.0%)>patch 1(28.5%)> patch 5 (26.5%)>patch 2 (17.0%)>patch 4(4.5%) . It was concluded that Petrophytia moss had the roles of reserving water and soil, holding litter,concentrating nutrient elements,and corrupting rock, which could improve the environmental condition of rock surface, help to the regeneration of vascular plants, and bring positive effects on the restoration or conversation of vegetation in disturbance sites and on the extension of forest scale.

Species diversity of floor bryophyte communities in Bogda Mountains,Xinjiang

ZHANG Yuanming, CAO Tong, PAN Borong

2003, (6):  887-891. 

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By means of species similarity coefficient and species diversity index,the characteristics of species diversity of floor bryophyte communities in Bogda Mountain,Xinjiang were studied. The results showed that the bryoflora of Bogda Mountain had the characteristics of richness and complexion. There were 186 floor species (including infraspecies taxa) belonging to 73 genera of 32 families. The species similarity between mountain desert and mountain grassland belt was the highest (0.6809),while that between mountain forest and alpine cushion belt was the lowest (0.1342). The bryophyte community in mountain forest was the ominant one among the floor bryophyte communities. The bryophyte community in mountain forest had the richest species diversity,and the mountain forest was the distribution center of bryophyte diversity and the key area for bryophyte diversity conservation in Bogda Mountain area.

Responses of interspecific relationships among main herbaceous plants to flooding disturbance in Songnen Plain,Northeastern China

WANG Zhengwen, ZHU Tingcheng

2003, (6):  892-896. 

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To investigate the effects of flooding disturbance on the interspecific relationships among grassland plant species, a comparatively thorough study was conducted on Sanjiadian National Rangeland in the territory of Da'an city, Jilin Province, which was partly flooded in1998. The study site was located in the south of Songnen plain, Northeastern China, dominated by Leymus chinensis grassland. Along the flooding gradients (from un flooded to heavily flooded) formed on an extensive mild slope taken as the test site, four flooded transects coded T₁, T₂, T₃ and T₄ respectively,but subjected to the flood of different durations were designed, and also an un flooded one coded T₀ was set as a control at relatively higher elevation. Before flooding occurred in1998, the slope had almost uniform soil and L.chinensis dominated vegetation. Contingency table was used to calculate the interspecific association indice,while Spearman rank correlation coefficient was adopted to analyze the interspecific covariance. The results showed that flooding disturbance had little effect on the association type for most species pairs, but had some effect on the rank coefficients of inter specific co variation. Different species pairs varied greatly in their responses to the flooding disturbance, suggesting that the inter specific co varying relations were not only dependent on environmental perturbation or disturbance factors, but also on (probably to a larger extent) the biological & ecological properties of the species that comprised the species pairs. The interspecific association types that could be determined between Potentilla paradoxa and all the other plant species were always positive,and little affected by flooding disturbance. As a main companion species, P.paradoxa had a broad ecological breadth, and weak selectivity for habitat. Contrarily, the interspecific association types that could be determined between Phragmites australis and others plant species (in addition to Scirpus planiculmis) were always negative, probably due to the biological properties of the plant. P.australis was a kind of clonal plant with long rhizomes, and enlarge its population through vegetative propagation by rhizomes. When in good water conditions, P. australis had a powerful competitive ability, thereby, imposed competitive or exclusive effects on the other plant species, thus formed the negative correlations between the plant and the other, which could be little affected by flooding disturbance. Interspecific covariance was not only influenced by environmental or disturbance factors, but also dependent on the different responses to the changing environments during the disturbances between the component species that comprised the species pairs. The two plant species that had similar and dissimilar water demands would tended to be positive and negative covariance respectively,if water conditions changed towards an extreme. Interspecific covariance based on the numerical properties of the communities were much more sensitive to the external disturbance than the interspecific associations calculated only based on the binary data of “presence or absence of species”.

Specific diversity and distribution characteristics of annual synusia in Alashan desert

LIANG Cunzhu, LIU Zhongling, ZHU Zongyuan, WANG Wei

2003, (6):  897-903. 

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Alashan desert, sited in the east of Asia desert, is a special vegetation geography area in Asia desert region. Its geographic range is from west Ordos (108°E) to west Ejina (98°E), and from Gobi Altai Mountain in Mongolia (43°N) to Hexi Corridor (37°～39°N).The annual plants grow well, and are constant synusiae that act on important function in keeping the stabilization of desert ecosystem in Alashan desert. Moreover, the annual synusiae may take on heavy responsibilities in local animal husbandry production. The specific diversity and distribution characteristics of annual synusiae are discussed in the paper. Based on our observation and research in many years, 61 species of annual plants, which could be divided into 4 types of annual short grass, annual Salsola, annual Artemisia and annual weeds,are discovered in Alanshan desert. They belong to 12 families and 35 genera, and could be divided into 12 areal types, and 10 species of them were endemic to Alashan. The annual plants grow widely on clayey deserts, sandy deserts, gritty deserts, gravelly deserts rocky deserts and oasis. In general, one or several plant species form summer rain synusiae, and form a homogeneous or patchy distribution pattern in desert communities. Sometimes, some plant species distribute along runoff line, and form a dendritic or line pattern. The ecological adaptation and function were also discussed in the paper.

Spatial heterogeneity of vegetation and soil characteristics in oasis-desert ecotone

CHEN Peng, CHU Yu, GU Fengxue, ZHANG Yuandong, PAN Xiaoling

2003, (6):  904-908. 

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The spatial distribution of bio and abiotic factors in ecosystem has the features of spatial heterogeneity in general, and spatial heterogeneity is important in the function and process of ecosystem at a variety of scales. In this paper, semivariance theory and methods were used to study the degree, composition, scale and pattern of spatial heterogeneity of vegetation coverage and soil environment factors, and their relationships in the Fukang oasis desert ecotone of Xinjiang. With block kriging in the studied area of sampling, the spatial pattern of each factor was expressed in three dimensions as well. The results indicated that except the little spatial autocorrelation of salt salinity, there existed a spatial autocorrelation above mean of the other factors, and the spatial variation was mainly limited to smaller scales. The vegetation coverage, for which auto correlated spatial heterogeneity was a main component, had a high degree of spatial heterogeneity with obvious spatial pattern at the scale of 3 km. From the perspective of spatial distributions, there existed a remarkable difference between soil holard and soil pHvalue in the studied area. Besides this, the higher value areas interleaved with the lower ones, significant positive correlations were observed between herbage coverage and soil factors (surface SHand SPH), and shrub coverage depended on the deep SH. The difference of spatial heterogeneity and pattern between SCand HCindicated the different ecological function and process in the ecosystem.

Influence of conversion from forest to pasture on visual effect of landscape

YANG Haijun, MARUYAMA Junkoh, TSUCHIYA Fujio, MIZUTANI Atsushi

2003, (6):  909-912. 

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Geographical information system (GIS) was applied to quantitatively evaluate the influence of conversion from forest to pasture on the visual effect of the landscape by the viewpoint of landscape conservation. The visible area of the intermediate zone was larger than that of both the near and far zones,and hence,the influence of the conversion was the biggest on the visual effect of the intermediate zone. Therefore,intermediate zone is the most important part in landscape conservation. Analyses on the visibility of forest on the background of pasture showed that most parts of visible forest in all the zones located at elevations 400～600 m,but rarely distributed on slopes as steep as 25°. The measures in landscape management and conservation were also discussed in the sense of increasing the visual effect of pasture landscape.

Characteristics of canopy structure of super high yielding Japonica hybrid rice community

CHEN Jinhong, ZHANG Guoping, GUO Hengde, MAO Guojuan

2003, (6):  913-916. 

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In this paper,the characteristics of canopy structure,such as the numbers of seedling,panicle and grain,the distribution of dry matters in different canopy layers and different organs,and the distributions of LAIand of solar radiation in different canopy layers of super high yielding community of japonica hybrid rice were studied,in comparison with normal japonica rice. The results showed that the total the dry matter weight and the dry matter weight of layers below 40 cm,40～60 cm,60～80 cm and above 80 cm of japonica hybrid rice canopy were 32.29 %,29.12%,13.95%,16.45% and 100.17% higher those that of normal japonica rice,respectively. The ratios of dry leaf (photosynthetic organ) and of dry panicle (sink organ) weight to total dry weight were 24.8% and 12.8%,respectively,which were greater than those of normal japonica rice,while the ratios of dry sheath and stem (storage organs) weight were 33.6% and 28.9%, respectively,which were lower than those of normal japonica rice. The allotment of LAIin different layers of japonica hybrid rice canopy was reasonable,and the LAIof above 40 cm layer at full heading stage reached 5.44. The solar radiation was well distributed inside japonica hybrid rice canopy,for example,the solar radiation in layers below 60 cm were 13.1%～37.0% higher,but 5.9%～12.2% lower above 60 cm than that of normal japonica rice. The extinction coefficients of solar radiation in layers below 20 cm,20～40 cm,40～60 cm and 60～80 cm of japonica hybrid rice canopy were 35.1 %,13.5%,29.1% and 17.2% lower than that of normal japonica rice,respectively.

Effects of different environments on qualitative characters of three gluten wheat cultivars

GUO Tiancai, ZHANG Xuelin, FAN Shuping, ZHU Yunji, WANG Chenyang, MA Dongyun

2003, (6):  917-920. 

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Six cultivars including strong,middle and weak gluten wheat varieties were cultivated at five latitudes(from 32癗to 36癗)in Henan Province,and the variations of their qualitative characters were analyzed in relation to the different environments. The result indicated that latitudes had great effects on the protein content,wet gluten content,softening degree,evaluation value,and extensibility of the cultivars. The rheological parameters measured by farinogram and the extensogram were significantly different among different among different cultivars,and the coefficients of variation were quite large. The variations in qualitative characters among cultivars and amonge latitudes were different. With the rising latitude,the protein content,wet gluten content,development time,evaluation value,extensibility,resistance,and maximum resistance showed an increase tendency,with a few exceptions for certain latitude. For most qualitative characters,there was a clear boundary between Xinyan(32癗) and Zhumadian(33癗). According to these results,suggestions in the latitude layout of the hi quality wheat cultivars and in improving their cultuvation practices were made.

Effects of chilling and low light on cucumber seedlings growth and their antioxidative enzyme activities

ZHOU Yanhong, YU Jingquan, QIAN Qiongqiu, HUANG Lifeng

2003, (6):  921-924. 

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Studies on the growth and antioxidative enzyme activities of cucumber seedlings grown under low light and low temperature indicated that exposure of cucumber plants to low light at normal temperature and chilling under low light resulted in a retardation and a complete inhibition of plant growth, respectively,and their root vigor was also decreased.Chilling under low light increased the activities of SODand GPOD,showing more significant effects at 7 ℃ than at 12 ℃. The activities of these enzymes returned to normal after 5 days of recovery under normal conditions. Low light at normal temperature didn't affect SODactivity,which was increased when the plants were returned to normal growth conditions.GPODactivities increased markedly after 5 days of low light treatment and decreased during recovery.In addition, the content of MDAwas increased during chilling and low light treatment.

Water requirement of paddy field under different soil water conditions

WANG Xiaoying, WEN Dazhong, LIANG Wenju

2003, (6):  925-929. 

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Field experiment with three irrigation treatments,i.e.,continuous flooding irrigation (CSF), moisture condition irrigation (MTC), and intermittent irrigation (IT) were installed to study the water requirement of paddy fields. The results showed that in field experiment,the evapotranspiration (ET) was 889.1, 635.9 and 775.9 mm,and the evapotranspiration rate was 6.9, 4.9 and 6.0 mm穌^-1 for CSF,MTC and IT,respectively during the entire growing season. MTC and ITwere less than CSFby 28.5 and 12.7%.Under sufficient water supply, the evapotranspiration calcutated by Penman formula was less than that from field experiment by 29.3%, during stages from returning green to milk. The biomass was 16438.22,15887.94 and 15757.88 kg穐m^-2,and the grain yield was 8014.01,7828.91 and 7853.93 kg穐m^-2 for CSF,MTC and IT,respectively.No significant differences were found among three treatments.The water use efficiency (WUE) was 9.01, 12.31 and 10.12 kg穐m^-2 穖m^-1 for CSF,MTC and IT,respectively.The WUE of MTC and ITwere higher than that of CSFby 26.8 and 11.0%, showing that MTC was a comparatively water saving irrigation treatment.

Measurement of evapo-transpiration and crop coefficient of irrigated spring wheat in Naiman sandy cropland

LI Yulin, CUI Jianyuan, ZHANG Tonghui

2003, (6):  930-934. 

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Lysimeter experiments were conducted with spring wheat during cropping seasons to measure the crop evapotranspiration at Naiman region,and reference evapo transpiration during these seasons was calculated with FAO Penman-Monteith and other four methods.The relationship between FAO Penman-Monteith and other reference evapo transpiration methods was established,and the crop coefficients for spring wheat based on crop evapo transpiration and reference evapo transpiration were also developed. The results showed that the average weekly ET_c of spring wheat was less than 3 mm穌^-1 in the seedling phase. With the LAIincreased,the average weekly ET_c reached the peak of 6.49 mm穌^-1 (at heading phase),and declined to 1.94 mm穌^-1 during maturity phase.The local precipitation in the year of experiment did not satisfy the water demand for wheat production,and seedling,jointing,heading phases of spring wheat were the key phases in the course of water management. The differences in ET_r estimates between FAO Penman-Monteith and Penman and FAO Blaney-Criddle methods were obviously lower than those between FAO Penman-Monteith and Makkink and Priestley-Taylor methods.The calculated values of crop coefficient for spring wheat at the four crop growth phases (initial,crop development,reproductive and maturity) were 0.45,0.90,1.11 and 0.52,respectively.The coefficient at maturity stage differed considerably from those suggested by FAO-24.

Pathways of soil sulfur input and output in agro-ecosystem under different cropping rotations

WANG Qing ren, CUI Yanshan

2003, (6):  935-940. 

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This paper mainly dealt with the pathways of sulfur (S) input and output in agro ecosystems under general cropping rotations in northern China. The results indicated that in a typical corn wheat rotation system,Soutput by the crop products was 26.4 kg穐m^-2,and 6.8 kg穐m^-2 of Swas returned to the soil through root and plant residues. Under wheat soybean rotation,24.4 kg穐m^-2 of Swas removed from and 7.2 kg穐m^-2 of Swere returned to the soil. Under the rotation of corn with rape,up to 45.4 kg穐m² was taken out from and only 8.7 kg穐m^-2 returned to the soil,respectively. 7.9,6.4,6.7 and 18.9 kg穐m^-2 of Soutput by products and 2.6, 1.8, 4.3 and 5.6 kg穐m^-2 of Sinput by residues were obtained in cotton,sorghum,peanuts and paddy rice,respectively. Through estimation of Sbalance for these systems,6,8.5,24 and 7.1 kg穐m^-2 穣r^-1 of Swas lost from soil by growing wheat,corn,rape and paddy rice,respectively.

Molecular responses of rice (Oryza sativa L.) to the stress of lowly enhanced UV-B radiation

ZENG Jianmin, LIN Wenxiong, LIANG Kangjing, CHEN Fangyu, GUO Yuchun, TANG Lina, HE Huaqin, WANG Jingyuan, LIANG Yiyuan

2003, (6):  941-944. 

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The approach of mRNA differential display (DD) was used to analyze the gene differential expression of rice seedlings subjected to lowly enhanced Ultraviolet Bradiation. The results showed that of the eighteen differential fragments, fifteen ones were different in expressional levels, another one was depressed, and the other two, named as RUVB1 and RUVB2 respectively,which could be recovered and re amplified, were specifically induced. Sequence analysis for RUVB2 through Internet BLASTsearching indicated that it was more than95% identities with three rice ESTs, but very low similarity to others in the GenBank, and was mapped on the OSJNBb0091N21BAC(GenBank accession No.:AC091122) in Oryza sativa L.

Digital modeling of light distribution within the crop canopy in jujube-wheat interplanting system

ZHANG Jixiang, WEI Qinping, LIU Kechang, LU Peiling

2003, (6):  945-948. 

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On the basis of field observation and with the principles and methods of agricultural meteorology,the daily variations of the shadow width of jujube tree belts and the relative light intensity were analyzed in the jujube—wheat interplanting system,and the characteristics of vertical distribution of the light within the wheat canopy inside and outside the shadow were studied. The sunshine vertical distribution curves in the wheat canopy inside and outside the shadow were simulated by mathematical methods. The results showed that the shadow area of the south north planting jujube tree belts was fairly wider,but the relative light illuminance was larger in early morning and late afternoon than at about noon.Although the sunshine vertical distribution in the wheat canopy inside and outside the shadow was obviously different,they both observed the decreasing law for Gauss Curve.

Interspecific interactions between Cotesia plutellae and Oomyzus sokolowskii,two major parasitoids of diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella

SHI Zuhua, LIU Shusheng

2003, (6):  949-954. 

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The interspecific interactions between Cotesia plutellae (Kurdjumov)(Hym.: Braconidae) and Oomyzus sokolowskii (Kurdjumov)(Hym.:Eulophidae) were investigated at 28 ℃ in laboratory,by exposing the 3 rd instar larvae of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. (Lep.:Plutellidae) to two parasitoids concurrently,or to either species alone,and by exposing the host larvae already exposed to one species to another species.Compared with those exposures of host larvae to either one species at a time,the parasitism rates by C.plutellae were not reduced by the presence of O.sokolowskii,but the rates of parasitism by O.sokolowskii were significantly reduced by the presence of C.plutellae,when the host larvae were exposed to the two species of parasitoid concurrently. No significant differences were found between the parasitism rates done by the two species together, and those done by either one of the two species alone. When host larvae were exposed to O.sokolowskii after exposure to C.plutellae,the successful parasitism rates by C.plutellae were unaffected,while the parasitism rates by O.sokolowskii were only 8～13%.However, O.sokolowskii could parasitize the old larvae of C.plutellae developed inside host larvae. Cotesia plutellae could parasitize the host larvae parasitized previously by O.sokolowskii,and some individuals of C.plutellae in these multiparasitized hosts could develop normally and survive to adult emergence. When O.sokolowskii wasps were exposed to healthy host larvae and host larvae parasitized by C.plutellae,they preferred to parasitize the healthy ones. These results suggest that C.plutellae is the stronger competitor,but its competition capacity will be reduced by the parasitism by O.sokolowskii.

Influence of host age on the epizootic of nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Spodoptera litura

JIANG Jiexian, LIANG Guangwen, ZHENG Ling

2003, (6):  955-958. 

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Through investigation of tracking infected Spodoptera litura larvae,a study was carried out to observe the epizootic dynamics of nuclear virus disease of S. litura after virus release in different instar with concentration of 2.15?10⁷PIBs穖l^-1 in vegetable field. The results showed that with the age of S.litura increasing,the susceptibility to virus,mortality and death velocity decreased,the disease death sustained period of larvae obviously elongated,and the time that larval mortality and diseased prevalence began and peaked were postponed. The distribution of disease death time could be well simulated by Complementary log log model (CLL). Hosmer Lemoshow test showed that the theoretic values well fitted to observed data,and t test indicated that the coefficients of the model reached significant level. The distribution of diseased prevalence of host larvae was simulated by Holliday model,the regression of function was significant by Ftest,and its coefficients reached or approached significant level. Moreover,the cumulative diseased death time distribution could be described by Stype models (Gompertz,Logistic,Weibull),in which,the Gompertz model was the best.

Evaluation of azadirachtin against striped flea beetle,Phyllotreta striolata(F.)

HOU Youming, PANG Xiongfei, LIANG Guangwen, YOU Minsheng

2003, (6):  959-962. 

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Based on the idea of life table,the concept and index of insect pests accumulated damage amount were described and the damage degree and its fluctuation were compared.Through analyzing the deterrent effect of azadirachtin on the adults of striped flea beetle (SFB), Phyllotreta striolata (F.),the results showed that the control mechanism was its strongly deterrent effect. When0.5 ml稬^-1 azadirachtin was applied,83.75% of the SFBadults was kept away from the host plant. The population trend index (Ivalue) of SFB decreased from 3.8680 in the control to 0.3354.The interference index of population control (IIPC) was 0.0863 at this dosage. The results come from the fields,which avoided the space limit of laboratory experiment,were the main basis to evaluate the deterrent of allogenetic plant secondary substances to insect pests. Such index provided an objective method to assess the pest damage degree,and would play an important role in the dynamic researches of pest ecological control.

Effect of Suining Tributary ecoremediation to all size-fractionated chlorophyll-a contents

LIU Dongyan, DA Liangjun, YOU Wenhui, SONG Yongchang

2003, (6):  963-968. 

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Through analysis of the size fractionated chlorophyll a contents in the remedied part,control part and non remedied part in Suining Tributary,this paper discussed the effect of bioremediation to all size fractionated chlorophyll a contents. The averaged Chlorophy a content of nano plus pico phytoplankton made up 85.232%, 92.402 %,95.205% of the total,respectively for the remedied, control and non remedied part. Among these,the nano fraction alone made up 78.460%,87.943%,87.211%,respectively. Nano-phytoplankton contributed most to the total biomass of Chl a. Its average contribution was 84.538% to the whole tributary,whereas net phytoplankton contributed only 9.054%. Nano-and pico-phytoplankton was most sensitive to the test eco remedy. The remedy reduced the relative biomass of net-phytoplankton,and increased the relative biomass of Pico enhance. The relative biomass of nano and ultrta phytoplankton fraction was little effected.

Effects of algal bloom on N,P and K contents in Meiliang Bay of Taihu Lake.

YANG Dingtian, CHEN Weimin, JIANG Jing, JI Jiang, CAO Wenxi

2003, (6):  969-972. 

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According to the measurements in Meiliang bay between1998～2000,the effects of algal bloom on N,P,and Kcontents were studied. The results showed that the relationship between the Chl a content and temperature was positive. The lowest contents of NH₄⁺-N,TN, and TP were obtained in August and September every year, and their total content was positively related to the Chl a content. The annual change of Kcontent was similar to that of N and P. Compared to the 8 th sampling point,the content of N and Pat 0^th and 6^th sampling point was higher,and P was not the limiting factor. But in other areas,P was the limiting factor. It also proved that Microcystis spp. grew to form water bloom only when Ncontent was between 1～4 mg·L^-1 and TPcontent was between0.1～0.3 mg·L^-1 .

Fishery biology of Cyanea nozakii resources in the waters of Dongshan Island

LU Zhenbin, DAI Quanshui, YAN Youming

2003, (6):  973-976. 

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According to the investigations during April-September 1994, the peak date of Cyanea nozakii density of in the waters of Dongshan Island was from 25 June to 10 July,and that of its biomass was from 10 July to 5 August. The diameter of umbrella part of the stock ranged from 15 mm to 580 mm, averaging 247.48 mm,and the body weight ranged from 0.4 g to 10250 g, averaging1 274 g. The growth of the diameter of umbrella part and the body weight of Cyanea nozakii could be calculated using power equation and power exponential equation,respectively. Based on the bio economics principles,the optimal opening date was 15 July,and the rational fishing umbrella part was 360 mm

Dynamics of ⁹⁵Zr in simulated marine water-sediment-organisms system

WANG Chunlin, SHI Jianjun, SUN Pingyue, LI Mingyun

2003, (6):  977-981. 

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To provide scientific evidence to evaluate the behavior of ⁹⁵Zr in ocean ecosystem,the dynamic model of the transference,accumulation and disappearance of ⁹⁵Zr among the simulated marine water,sediment and organisms was investigated using Nassarius semiplicatus and Boleophthalums pectinirostris as experimental stuffs. The result showed that ⁹⁵Zr(Bq穏^-1 or Bq穖l^-1) in the marine water was decreased more than 90% in the first 4 h,and then descended gradually. ⁹⁵Zr in sediment was increased th the peak in 48 h and then declined. The radioactivity percent of ⁹⁵Zr in the shell and muscle of Nassarius semiplicatus was 68.7% and 31.30% respectively,while the radioactivity percent was 22.80%,12.64%,34.82%,10.31%,4.48%,11.55% and 3.71%,respectively in the fill,fin,viscera,skull,skin,vertebra and muscle of Boleophthalmus pectinirostris.Nassarius semiplicatus had a greater concentrating capability of ⁹⁵Zr than Boleophthalmus pectinirostris . The order of the ⁹⁵Zr concentration was found to be sediment > Nassarius semiplicatus> water> Boleophthalmus pectinirostris .Adynamic model of closed four compartment was constructed with exponent functio

Impact of aldicarb and its complex pollution on DNA of zebrafish embryo

LI Yang, ZHANG Qingmin, DAI Shugui

2003, (6):  982-984. 

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This paper deals with the impact of a complex pollution system composed of a very toxic carbamate pesticide,aldicarb and the widely used anionic surfactant,sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate(SDBS),on DNA of zebrafish(Brachydanio rerio) embryo. The results indicated that DNA damage caused by aldicarb became more serious with its increasing concentration,but single strand break caused by aldicarb in low concentration and short time could be repaired,and high concentration led to double strand break which was difficult to repaire. SDBSin certain concentration (20 mg稬^-1) could reduce the toxicity of aldicarb in the complex pollution system.

Construction and evaluation of indicator system for sustainable use of fishery resources in Zhoushan Fishing Ground

NI Haier, LU Jiehua

2003, (6):  985-988. 

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In order to assess the sustainable use level of fisheries resources,Zhoushan Fishing Ground was selected as a demonstration. Based on24 indicators related to the resource environment subsystem,social subsystem and economic subsystem,principal component analysis was employed to analyze the indicator system in each subsystem,and grey relative relationship analysis was computed as a indicator to evaluate the sustainable use level of fisheries resources. The results indicated that the sustainable use of fisheries resources was at a lower level before 1962,and gradually rose to the top in 1974. It has sharply declined since 1978,and dropped to almost the lowest level in 1983,being 51.72 % of 1974.

Escape of transgenes and its ecological risks

LU Baorong, ZHANG Wenju, LI Bo

2003, (6):  989-994. 

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The rapid development of biotechnology, particularly the transgenic technology, has brought us with tremendous opportunities to solve the world's starvation problems that have been caused by the continued expanding of the global population. However, the application of transgenic biotechnology and the environmental release of transgenic organisms have evoked a series of extraordinary debates on biosafety issues related to the prosperity and the future of transgenic technology. The public and scientific communities are desperately interested in knowing whether the transgenic products would pose negative influences on plants and animals, human life and health, as well as on genetic resources and environment. These concerns have become universal hot topics over the last decade. Among the most debated biosafety issues caused potentially by transgenic products, transgene escape to the environment and its consequent ecological risks become one of the appealing focal points. In this review, a series of biosafety issues concerned by public, including the possibility of transgene escape and its various paths, as well as the potential ecological risks caused by such escape were discussed, and various approaches for controlling for transgene escape and the factors to consider when designing safety isolation distance between transgenic varieties and other concerned plants were also examined. The objective of this review is to allow readers to understand the potential biosafety problems caused by environmental release of transgenic crops and by the escape of foreign transgenes in particular, and to use the effective tools to control and avoid transgene escape.

Approaches for assessing forest ecosystem health

CHEN Gao, DENG Hongbing, WANG Qingli, DAI Limin, HAO Zhanqing

2003, (6):  995-999. 

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Assessment and indicator system become the key issues in the research on ecosystem health in 21^st century. Assessing forest ecosystem health gradually attach much attention because it is an important component of terrestrial ecosystem. The definition,measurement,evaluation and its management had been discussed broadly,and some theories,assessing methods and frameworks had been proposed,which provides a new concept and a serial research approaches for dealing with the crisis of terrestrial ecosystems,even the environment problems in the world. Now,the common operational models for assessing forest ecosystem health do not exist owing to the manifold limitations. This paper discussed forest ecosystem health problem,and brought forward three preconditions for assessing forest ecosystem health:1) a clear conceptual framework;2) adequate data sets;3) proper research and analysis techniques. The issues of three preconditions were discussed,and the possible approaches for the assessing research on forest ecosystem health,e.g.,long term studies and environment monitoring,space for time substation studies,e.g.,history approaches,economics valuation and others were expariated.

Advances in studies on transported flux and properties of riverine organic carbon

GAO Quanzhou, TAO Zhen

2003, (6):  1000-1002. 

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Some lately advances in the study of riverine organic carbon were summarized in this paper. The transported flux of organic carbon from terrestrial ecosystems to the oceans via rivers, which is one of the most sensitive land surface processes in global climate change, has been changed in quantity due to the anthropogenic disturbance to it. The properties of riverine organic carbon, even in the same drainage, changed notably with the changes of hydrological processes in the drainage. Riverine organic carbon may become aged since they have been metabolized by the riverine microbes in the processes of being transported to the seas from the land, i.e., the radiocarbon in the riverine organic carbon was partially degraded by the microbes.

Research advances in biodegradation of chlorophenols in environment

JIANG Mei, NIU Shiquan, ZHAN Huiying, YUAN Jianmei, CHEN Hui

2003, (6):  1003-1006. 

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This paper examines the biodegradation of chlorophenols by microbes and deals with the chlorophenols degrading microbes and the usage of biotechnology with special emphasis on degradation mechanisms. Dechlorination is the first critical step in the bacterial degradation of many chloroniated pollutants. Under aerobic condition, the degradation of mono and dichlorophenols is shown to be initiated by oxygenation into chlorocatechols, and dechlorination occurs only after ring cleavage of the chlorocatechols. The degradation of polychlorinated phenols starts by hydrolytic para hydroxylation, yielding chlorinated para hydroquinone. The anaerobic biodegradation of chlorophenols occurs by reductive dechlorination, a process by which chlorines are replaced with hydrogen.

A review on algae ecology in wetland

XIONG Li, XIE Liqiang, SHENG Xiumei, WU Zhenbin, XIA Yicheng

2003, (6):  1007-1011. 

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The research advance in algae ecology in wetland was introduced in this paper,which included the algae population structure and its function,and the algae productivity and its affecting factors. Almost all kinds of algae occured in wetland,including four assemblages: epipelon, epiphyton, metaphyton and phytoplankton, among which, diatom, green and blue algae were the predominant species. Algae were the fundamental players in the physical, chemical and biological processes that characterized wetland ecosystems. Most obvious was their role as primary producers and their place in the wetland food web. Algae were an important food resource for herbivores, and contributed to wetland nutrient cycle as the sources of dissolved organic matter and N. They could also be used as biomarkers for monitoring environment pollution. The affecting factors on algae's productivity were hydraulic factor, nutrition, temperature, illumination,herbivores and some other animals,and so on. Because of their functions in wetland, future research on algae in wetland should expand our knowledge of the environmental controls on algal biomass, productivity, and species composition in wetlands, with particular in areas for which knowledge was incomplete. Included among these,may be a detailed evaluation of the proportionate contributions by epipelon, epiphyton, metaphyton, and phytoplankton to food web dynamics in wetlands,and a further study of the genetic technique in controlling hazardous algae.

A review on modelling bacterial transport in soils

LI Guihua, LI Baoguo

2003, (6):  1012-1014. 

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Most studies on bacterial transport in soils were carried out in columns under controlled conditions, and the results were various, reflecting the need of standardizing the method. Other methods were also used in conjunction with microscopy to examine the transport at pore scale. Mathematical models based on convection dispersion equation were developed to simulate bacterial transport.Within specific limits, these models could simulate the major behaviors of bacterial transport. However, they neglected some parameters such as the growth and death of bacteria.The theoretical development, experimental size, scale exchange and modeling for predicting bacterial transport at field scale should be further studied.

Rare and threathened polypores in the ecosystem of Changbaishan Nature Reserve of Northeastern China

DAI Yucheng

2003, (6):  1015-1018. 

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In last 10 years,extensive field inventories were carried out to investigate Polypore species, the major wood decaying fungi in the Changbaishan Nature Reserve of Northeastern China. The following27 species were treated as rare or threathened species: Amylocystis lapponica (Romell) Singer, Anomoporia albolutescens (Romell) Pouzar, Anomoporia bombycina (Fr.) Pouzar, Anomoporia vesiculosa Y.C. Dai & Niemel, Antrodia carbonica (Overh.) Ryvarden & Gilb., Antrodia crassa (P. Karst.) Ryvarden, Antrodiella citrinella Niemel & Ryvarden, Diplomitoporus flavescens (Bres.) Dom醤ski, Donkioporia expansa (Desm.) Kotl. & Pouzar, Gloeophyllum carbonarium (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Ryvarden, Haploporus odorus (Sommerf.) Bondartsev & Singer, Inonotopsis subiculosa (Peck) Parmasto, Nigroporus ussuriensis (Bondartsev & Ljub.) Y.C. Dai & Niemela, Oxyporus sinensis X.L. Zeng, Parmastomyces taxi (Bondartsev) Y.C. Dai & Niemela, Phellinidium sulphurascens (Pilat) Y.C. Dai, Phellinus vaninii Ljub., Polyporus vassilievae Thorn, Pycnoporellus fulgens (Fr.) Donk, Skeletocutis brevispora Niemela, Skeletocutis ochroalba Niemela, Skeletocutis perennis Ryvarden, Trechispora candidissima (Schwein.) Bondartsev & Singer, Wolfiporia dilatohypha Ryvarden & Gilb., Wolfiporia curvispora Y.C. Dai, Wrightoporia avellanea (Bres.) Pouzar and Wrightoporia lenta (Oveh. & J. Lowe) Pouzar. Polypores are richer in East Asia than in Europe and North America, not only because of destructive galciations and fewer hosts in the latters, but also because of the geography. NE Asia is a link between Europe and North America. Changbaishan Nature Reserve is very rich in polypores, and over 260 species were recorded in the reserve. Some rare species in North America and Europe, for instance, Anomoporia albolutescens, Antrodia crassa, Diplomitoporus flavescens, Inonotopsis subiculosa and Skeletocutis ochroalba etc. were found in Changbaishan Nature Reserve as well, and these species are in fact rare in the earth. Most of the 27 species occurred on fallen trunks or rotten wood in the reserve, but some of them grew on living trees. 18 species occured on substrate of gymnosperms, and 9 species grew on wood of angiosperm.Among the 27 species, 7 species caused a brown rot,and 20 species produced a white rot. The morphology, substrate and ecology of each species were briefly discussed. The most important tool for polypore conservation is the conservation of their habitats, and it is necessary to study the ecology of the rare and threathened species of polypores in the Changbaishan Nature Reserve. Because most of polypores live on the substrate of fallen trunks and rotten wood, it is very important to keep such substrate in the ecosystem.

Diurnal activity rhythm of Clethrionomys rufocanus

JIN Jianli, ZHANG Chunmei, YANG Chunwen

2003, (6):  1019-1022. 

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The diurnal activity rhythm of Clethrionomys rufocanus was studied under three different food conditions in a laboratory. The activity occurred both in the daytime and at night, but mainly at night (19:00～4:00). The mice fed with Mouse food exhibited six small peaks in their daily activity, and those fed with grass or hay exhibited seven, but the peak of the out nest night activity was 2～3 hours earlier.The activity amount of out nest was 30518.0 ±3694.9 s for those fed with grass, the next was 21811.7± 2288.0 s for those fed with hay, and the least was 15038.0±666.0 s for those fed with mouse food. The activity amount of feeding was 10867.3±1612.1 s for those fed with grass, much more than those fed with mouse food and hay. The activity amount for drinking was 988.5±79.1 s (fed with hay),568.9±60.9 s (fed with mouse food) and 139.3±47.2 s (fed with grass).

Degradation of fenpropathrin, phoxim and their mixture by soil microbes

ZHU Lusheng, WANG Jun, FAN Defang, ZHANG Jun, ZHAO Bingqiang, ZHANG Fudao

2003, (6):  1023-1025. 

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The degradation rates of fenpropathrin, phoxim and their mixture in un-sterilized soil were much quicker than those in sterilized soil, which indicated that soil microorganisms played a significant role in the degradation process in soil. The half life (T_0.5) in un sterilized soil was 56.2 d for fenpropathrin, 57.8 d for mixed fenpropathrin, 48.2 d for phoxim, and 41.7 d for mixed phoxim. The corresponding half life (T_0.5) in sterilized soil was 135.1 d, 147.3 d, 123.6 d, and 126.2 d, respectively. There were no significant differences for degradation rates between single use and mixed use of fenpropathrin and phoxim.

Functional predation response of three main species to cotton bollworm in Xinjiang cotton-planting area

FENG Hongbing, XU Jing, ZHANG Qingwen, WANG Fei, SONG Rong

2003, (6):  1026-1028. 

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Field insect population survey indicated that the principal natural predation enemies of cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera Hubner) were Eringonidium graminicola Sundevall, Adonia variegata Goeze, Nabis sinoferus Hsiao.The results from experiments showed that the amount of prey consumed of these principal natural enemies increased when the density of prey rised,and decreased when the density of natural enemies increased. The predation function response fitted Holling's predation response equationⅡ,and could be fit with the Disk Equatio

Application of Vc fermentation waste residue on prevention and control of plant diseases in protective ground

ZHU Keli, SU Zhencheng, LU Suxia, ZHANG Zhongze

2003, (6):  1029-1030. 

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The prevention and control of tomato plant diseases were conducted in protective ground using Vc fermentation waste residue treated by enzymolysis and ultrasonic wave. The results showed that the seedlings planted for 3 weeks on the protective ground soil continuously cropped tomato plant for 9 years and fertilized 75, 150 and 300 kg穐m^-2 grew well. Their biomass were increased by 123%, 164% and 182%, and the disease incidence rates were decreased by 59%, 78% and 85%, respectively. Under application of 300 kg穐m^-2 Vc fermentation waste residue, the products of tomato grown for 10 weeks on the soil continuously cropped tomato plant for 9, 6 and 2 years were increased by 60%, 43% and 14%, respectively, and the disease incidence rates were all decreased by 50%.

Eco-value level classification and ecosystem management strategy of broad-leaved Korean pine forest in Changbai Mountain

ZHENG Jingming, JIANG Fengqi, ZENG Dehui

2003, (6):  839-844. 

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To realize the sustainable management of forest ecosystems,we should explicitly clarify the types and differences of the ecosystem services provided by different ecosystems under different conditions,with rethinking about the value of forest ecosystems; then solid management strategies and measurements will be enacted and applied to achieve the objects. The broad leaved Korean pine forest (BLKPF) in Changbai Mountain is a unique and important forest type in China,owing to its many important ecosystem services such as preventing soil erosion,regulating climates,nutrient cycling,providing wood and non timber forest products,etc. This paper is a preliminary study on the management strategy of BLKPF on the basis of analyzing the characters of the ecosystems and the relative importance of services they provided in this region. Based on the latest research of ecosystem services of BLKPF in Changbai Mountain,an idea of eco value level (EVL) was introduced,and accordingly,management strategies were summarized by adopting the advanced theories in ecosystem management science and by analyzing field survey data.EVL means the relative amount of the value of ecosystem services provided by certain ecosystem,which can indicate the difference between services in given objects. The EVL classification of BLKPF implies the relative amount of the eco value of different ecosystems including virgin forest,secondary forest,forest with human disturbance,and man made forest in the clear cutting sites. Analytical Hierarchical Processing method was used to formulate the equation for EVL index. Eight factors,namely,slope,soil depth,stability of soil maternal material,coverage of above ground canopy,species diversity,regeneration rate of the stand,life span of dominant tree species,and intensity of human disturbance were chosen to build the formula. These factors belonged to three aspects affecting ecosystem services including the physical environment,community,and disturbance regime,and their selection and scaling were based on the previous studies on the BLKPF. The equation of EVLindex (EI) was expressed as: EI=0.542A₁+0.171A₂+0.072A₃+0.067B₁+0.043B₂+0.014B₃+0.010B₄₁. According to the range of EI,ecosystems were classified into three types: low EVLtype with EIfrom 1.000 to 1.874,medium EVL type with EI 1.874～2.749,and high EVL type with EI 2.749～3.623.Typical plots were surveyed and scaled with EI,and the predominant characters of each EVL type were summarized. Most forests of high EVL type were those in sites at high risk of soil erosion and hard to recover after disrupted.Forests of medium EVL type were those with worse community structure and composition,and were disturbed by human activities in relative steep sites. Forests of low EVL type were those in plane site with serious disruption or some young man made stands. Based on the analyses of the characters of these three types,different management strategies were put forward. For high EVL type forest,strictly protection is most important to maintain the forest in natural succession and its eco services. For medium EVL type forest,the key points of management are restoring their health and vigor by regulating their composition and structure in a semi natural way. For low EVL type forest,some area could be used to extensive exploration for economic benefits,and the rests should be reconstructed towards the original stand in composition and structure,based on the ‘shadow ecosystem' in a close to nature way to promote the capacity of providing more eco services.

Forest gap characteristic in a coniferous-Picea likiangensis forest in the Yulong Snow Mountain Natural Reserve,Yunnan Province,China

LIU Qing, WU Yan, WU Ning

2003, (6):  845-848. 

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In this paper, some important parameters related to the gap disturbance regimes in a coniferous Picea likiangensis forest in the Yulong Snow Mountain Natural Reserve,Yunnan Province were described. The results showed that expanded gaps occupied 42.5%,and canopy gaps occupied 28.8% of the land area in the forest. The frequency of gap disturbance was 35 gaps per hectares. There were 25% of small (gap area <50 m²), 41% of middle (gap area 50～100 m²),and 34% of large (gap area >100 m²) forest gaps. The most important manner of gap formation was the breakage at trunk base and its middle, and the secondly important manner was rotten. Gap maker in the forest was more than 80% of Picea likiangensis .The probability of making gaps was the greatest, when the big trees in the canopy layer got DBH 40～50 cm and height 15～25 m. Gaps formed by 1～2 gap makers was of 68.8%,and by 5 gap makers was seldom. The most of gap makers were 6 in a gap of the forest. The density of the seedlings in gap gradually increased with the forest gap from large to small.

Structures and spatial distribution patterns of dominant populations in Sycopsis sinensis community in Houhe Nature Reserve.

LI Xin, HU Lile, HUANG Handong, JIANG Mingxi

2003, (6):  849-852. 

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Based on the investigation data of 2 quadrats (1600 m² and 2400 m²) in Houhe Nature Reserve,tree size class method was applied to analyze the structures of the dominant populations, and t-test of v/m ratio,mean crowing index, negative binomial parameter, patchiness index and Morisita index were applied to analyze the spatial distribution patterns of two dominant populations.The clumping degrees were also evaluated according to their size classes in different quadrats.The results showed that Sycopsis sinensis population was a declining population, dominated by Ⅳ trees and difficult to regenerate. In the population, the individual percentage of Ⅳ trees accounted for 79.4% in Q₁ and 87.4% in Q₂, and those of Itrees and IItrees were few. However, the population of Cyclobalanopsis oxyodon was an growing one, and the individual percentages declined with the increasing size classes. The spatial distribution patterns of the two dominant populations distributed in clumps, but the clumping degrees existed diversity. With the increase of the size classes, the clumping degree of the population of Sycopsis sinensis intensified from random to clumping distribution, while that of the population of Cyclobalanopsis oxyodon weakened from clumping to random distribution.

Species diversity and managed ecosystem stability

FENG Yaozong

2003, (6):  853-857. 

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Based on partial experimental data of the studies on managed communities over 40 years, various managed communities in terms of ecological structures,e.g., rubber or tea plantation in one species with one community layer, rubber tea and rubber coffee of two species with two community layers, rubber luofumu qiannianjian of three species with three community layers,and artificial rain forest with multiple species and layers (hundred species with five layers) were discussed. The differences in systematic functions among three structures of the community were discussed,mainly from the followint spects:Biomass, productivity, and economical productivity;capability of protection and improvement of community environment (microclimate, soil etc.);capability of resistant to natural disaster (chilling and storm). The biomass and productivity in the system were significantly increased,as there were more species and vertical layers in the community. As the community structure became complicatied, the microclimatic factors inside the system were marked changed: relative humidity was higher,maximum temperature was lower, minimum temperature was higher, wind slowdown velocity was slowed down,soil erosion reduced, and the resistance to chilling and storm become stronger. It is concluded that the stability of the system could be greatly affected by an artificial ecosystem.

Grading of Robinia pseudoacacia and Platycladus orientalis woodland soil's water availability and productivity in semi-arid region of Loess Plateau

ZHANG Guangcan, LIU Xia, HE Kangning

2003, (6):  858-862. 

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With Li 6200 photosynthesis determination system and Li-1600 steaty state poro meter, this paper studied the responses of Robinia pseudoacacia L. and Platycladus orientalis L. leaves' net photo synthesis rate (Pn), carboxylation efficiency (CE), transpiration rate (Tr), water use efficiency (WUE_L), stomata conductance (Cs), stomata resistance (Rs),intercellular CO₂ concentration(Ci) and stomatal limitation (Ls) of Robinia pseudoacacia and Platycladus orientalis leaves to soil water content (SWC) in semi arid region of Loess Plateau,and based on this,the soil water availability and its productivity of test woodland soils were graded and evaluated. The results showed that on Robinia pseudoacacia and Platycladus orientalis woodland, the SWCless than4.5% and 4.0 %,respectively belonged to “non available water”; in the range of 4.5%～10.0% and 4.0 %～8.5%, “low productivity and low efficiency water”; 10.0%～13.5% and 8.5%～11.0%,“middle productivity and high efficiency water”;13.5%～17.0% and 11.0%～16.0%,“high productivity and middle efficiency water”; 17.0%～19.0% and 16.0%～19.0%,“middle productivity and low efficiency water”; and more that 19.0%,“low productivity and low efficiency water”.

Ecological risk assessment of forest resource in northeast China

WANG Chunmei, WANG Jinda, LIU Jingshuang, ZHANG Xuelin, YAN Denghua

2003, (6):  863-866. 

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Based on the theory and methods of regional eco-risk assessment (REA),the eco risk of forest resources in northeast China is evaluated. The stresses resulting in the eco risk of forest resources are physical,chemical,biological and social stresses. The weighed coefficient is 0.30,0.22,0.11 and 0.37,respectively. In93 forest bureaus of this area,64.4% bureaus are in slight risk,21.2% in mid-risk,13.3% in high risk and 1.1% in very high risk. This is in corresponding with the skew normal distribution. The eco risk of forest resourcs in northeast China is closely related to the locality of the resources. The risk becomes more and more serious from east to west. The risk management and restoration of the forest resource must be strengthened.

Effects of high temperature stress on net photosynthetic rate and photosystem Ⅱ activity in Citrus

GUO Yanping, ZHOU Huifen, ZENG Guanghui, ZHANG Liangcheng

2003, (6):  867-870. 

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Table ADC-225-MK3 CO₂ gas analyzer and PAM 2000 portable fluorescence measurement system were used to measure the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), initial fluorescence (Fo), maximal photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ (Fv/Fm) and electron transport rate (ETR) of satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) and navel orange (C. sinensis Osbeck) leaves. The results showed that exposure of citrus plants to high temperature (38～40 ℃) led to a lowering of Pn, Fv/Fm, and ETR, whereas Fo increased. After exposure to high temperature for 25 days, compared with normal temperature (25 ℃),the Pn of satsuma mandarin and navel orange leaves decreased by 55.6% and 39.8%, Fv/Fm decreased by 22.0% and 6.7% and ETR reduced by 55.0% and 41.5 %, respectively. On the other hand, Fo increased 113.8% and 14.9%,respectively. With subsequent transfer to the 25 ℃ culture room for 10 days, Pn, Fv/Fm, Fo and ETR recovered significantly. These results demonstrated that the reduction of Pn in Citrus was related to the inactivation of PSⅡ reaction center.

Impact of salt stress on peroxidase activity in Populus deltoides cambium and its consequence

LI Guoqi, AN Shuqing, ZHANG Jilin, LI Jin, WANG Yunjing, SUN Jinglin

2003, (6):  871-874. 

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Studies on the impact of salt stress on the peroxidase (POD) activity in Populus deltoides cambium and on the anatomic characteristics of its secondary xylem indicated that the changes of PODactivity caused by soil salinity stress behaved differently in dormant and growing period. In low salinity soil, the POD activity of dormant Populus deltoides showed the trend of increasing first,and then,decreasing as the soil salinity was rising gradually.Namely, with the rising of soil salinity in the range of 0.024→0.094→0.145%,the POD activity varied in the range of 83.7→132.1→63.2 units·min^-1 ·g^-1 FW accordingly.However,in growing season, with the gradual increase of soil salinity from 0.036 to 0.289%, the POD activity decreased gradually from 405.2 to 107.2 units·min^-1 ·g^-1 FW.There were regular changes in wood anatomic characteristics of Populus deltoides . Namely,with the increase of soil salinity 0.036→0.125→0.289%, the vessel diameters (VD) of both early wood and late wood varied accordingly in the range of 41.8→56.6→43.4 μm,and 29.1→33.1→33.1 μm, respectively.The vessel frequencies (VF) were 141.8→113.8→144.2 and 160.0→134.8→206.7 entries mm^-2, respectively. Along with the gradual increase of soil salinity from 0.036 to 0.289%, the fiber length gradually decreased from 693.8 to 570.4 μ m, and the fiber width decreased from 14.9 to 13.5 μm.

Seasonal changes of nitrogen and phosphorus and their translocation from leaves of ten tree species in central Japan

XUE Li, LUO Shan, TAN Tianyong

2003, (6):  875-878. 

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The leaves of evergreen broadleaved Quercus cuspidata,Ilex pedunculosa,Ilex rotunda,Machilus thunbergii,Pittosporum tobira and deciduous broadleaved Quercus serrata,Quercus variabilis,Celtis sinensis,Ginkgo biloba, and Evodiopanax innovans were collected from the time of full leaf expansion to the end of growing season to describe the seasonal contents of N and P patterns in leaves of these species. The Nand Pcontents in new and old leaves of evergreen Quercus cuspidata and Ilex rotunda had high levels in initial stage,low levels in medium stage,and increased in later stage. The seasonal changes of the Nand Pcontents in new leaves of evergreen Ilex pedunculosa and Pittosporum tobira were similar to those of Quercus cuspidata and Ilex rotunda,whereas in old leaves of the two species,they tended to decline with time.The N content in new and old leaves of Machilus thunbergii tended to increase,whereas their Pcontent tended to decrease. The N and P contents in leaves of deciduous species decreased during the growing season.The N translocation efficiency for all species ranged from 43～75%,whereas their Ptranslocation efficiency ranged from 62～84%.The N translocation efficiency in evergreen broadleaved species was similar to that in deciduous broadleaved species,whereas the Ptranslocation efficiency was higher than the latter. The mean N retranslocation efficiency for all species was higher than mean P retranslocation efficiency.

Evapotranspiration in Pumica granatum stand in Lower Taihang Mountain

LIU Zhijun, ZHANG Wanjun, CAO Jiansheng, MA Zhongqiu, NIU Jianzhi, KONDOH Akihiko

2003, (6):  879-881. 

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Based on energy balance method, the daily and monthly variations of evapotranspiration are measured in Pumica granatum stand in Lower Taihang Mountain. The evapotranspiration in different phenophase is also calculated. The results indicated that Pumica granatum trees close their stoma to decrease physiological transpiration at noon when the radiation is very intense. In Pumica granatum stand, the evapotranspiration was highly linearly correlated with net radiation. The regression equation was Y =0.0029 X -0.1449, and regression coefficient can reach 0.9. The total evapotranspiration was 424.08 mm, 64.59% of which was consumed from flowering phase to fruit maturing phase. Two essential supplementary irrigation, one in germination phase and the another before flowering phase, should be implemented to ensure the healthy growth of Pumica granatum trees.

Influences of Petrophytia moss on vegetation development in evergreen broad-leaved forest

WANG Zhongsheng, FANG Yanming

2003, (6):  882-886. 

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In order to examine the role of Petrophytia moss in maintaining the stability and integrity of forest vegetation,the distribution patterns of vascular plants among Petrophytia moss layer were investigated in five heterogeneous patches of evergreen broad leaved forest at Longwangshan, Zhejiang Province.The distribution and composition of vascular plants were jointly affected by various factors, such as disturbance degree in patch, moss growth condition,and water and soil conservation ability of moss layer. Original habitats patch 1 and patch 5 were kept well, and hence, the even depth, dry weight and maximum water holding capacity of moss layer, as well as the dry weight of soil and the soil water absorbing rate in moss layer for patch 1 and patch 5 were much more than other patches. For example,the even depth (cm) of moss layer were decreased in the order of patch 5(2.2)> patch 1(2.0)>patch 2(1.5)>patch 3(1.1)>patch 4(0.9);the ranking of vascular plant diversities among moss layer in each patch was patch 5(16)>patch 1(14)>patch 3(9)> patch 4(7),and the general cover of these plants was followed as patch 3(30.0%)>patch 1(28.5%)> patch 5 (26.5%)>patch 2 (17.0%)>patch 4(4.5%) . It was concluded that Petrophytia moss had the roles of reserving water and soil, holding litter,concentrating nutrient elements,and corrupting rock, which could improve the environmental condition of rock surface, help to the regeneration of vascular plants, and bring positive effects on the restoration or conversation of vegetation in disturbance sites and on the extension of forest scale.

Species diversity of floor bryophyte communities in Bogda Mountains,Xinjiang

ZHANG Yuanming, CAO Tong, PAN Borong

2003, (6):  887-891. 

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By means of species similarity coefficient and species diversity index,the characteristics of species diversity of floor bryophyte communities in Bogda Mountain,Xinjiang were studied. The results showed that the bryoflora of Bogda Mountain had the characteristics of richness and complexion. There were 186 floor species (including infraspecies taxa) belonging to 73 genera of 32 families. The species similarity between mountain desert and mountain grassland belt was the highest (0.6809),while that between mountain forest and alpine cushion belt was the lowest (0.1342). The bryophyte community in mountain forest was the ominant one among the floor bryophyte communities. The bryophyte community in mountain forest had the richest species diversity,and the mountain forest was the distribution center of bryophyte diversity and the key area for bryophyte diversity conservation in Bogda Mountain area.

Responses of interspecific relationships among main herbaceous plants to flooding disturbance in Songnen Plain,Northeastern China

WANG Zhengwen, ZHU Tingcheng

2003, (6):  892-896. 

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To investigate the effects of flooding disturbance on the interspecific relationships among grassland plant species, a comparatively thorough study was conducted on Sanjiadian National Rangeland in the territory of Da'an city, Jilin Province, which was partly flooded in1998. The study site was located in the south of Songnen plain, Northeastern China, dominated by Leymus chinensis grassland. Along the flooding gradients (from un flooded to heavily flooded) formed on an extensive mild slope taken as the test site, four flooded transects coded T₁, T₂, T₃ and T₄ respectively,but subjected to the flood of different durations were designed, and also an un flooded one coded T₀ was set as a control at relatively higher elevation. Before flooding occurred in1998, the slope had almost uniform soil and L.chinensis dominated vegetation. Contingency table was used to calculate the interspecific association indice,while Spearman rank correlation coefficient was adopted to analyze the interspecific covariance. The results showed that flooding disturbance had little effect on the association type for most species pairs, but had some effect on the rank coefficients of inter specific co variation. Different species pairs varied greatly in their responses to the flooding disturbance, suggesting that the inter specific co varying relations were not only dependent on environmental perturbation or disturbance factors, but also on (probably to a larger extent) the biological & ecological properties of the species that comprised the species pairs. The interspecific association types that could be determined between Potentilla paradoxa and all the other plant species were always positive,and little affected by flooding disturbance. As a main companion species, P.paradoxa had a broad ecological breadth, and weak selectivity for habitat. Contrarily, the interspecific association types that could be determined between Phragmites australis and others plant species (in addition to Scirpus planiculmis) were always negative, probably due to the biological properties of the plant. P.australis was a kind of clonal plant with long rhizomes, and enlarge its population through vegetative propagation by rhizomes. When in good water conditions, P. australis had a powerful competitive ability, thereby, imposed competitive or exclusive effects on the other plant species, thus formed the negative correlations between the plant and the other, which could be little affected by flooding disturbance. Interspecific covariance was not only influenced by environmental or disturbance factors, but also dependent on the different responses to the changing environments during the disturbances between the component species that comprised the species pairs. The two plant species that had similar and dissimilar water demands would tended to be positive and negative covariance respectively,if water conditions changed towards an extreme. Interspecific covariance based on the numerical properties of the communities were much more sensitive to the external disturbance than the interspecific associations calculated only based on the binary data of “presence or absence of species”.

Specific diversity and distribution characteristics of annual synusia in Alashan desert

LIANG Cunzhu, LIU Zhongling, ZHU Zongyuan, WANG Wei

2003, (6):  897-903. 

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Alashan desert, sited in the east of Asia desert, is a special vegetation geography area in Asia desert region. Its geographic range is from west Ordos (108°E) to west Ejina (98°E), and from Gobi Altai Mountain in Mongolia (43°N) to Hexi Corridor (37°～39°N).The annual plants grow well, and are constant synusiae that act on important function in keeping the stabilization of desert ecosystem in Alashan desert. Moreover, the annual synusiae may take on heavy responsibilities in local animal husbandry production. The specific diversity and distribution characteristics of annual synusiae are discussed in the paper. Based on our observation and research in many years, 61 species of annual plants, which could be divided into 4 types of annual short grass, annual Salsola, annual Artemisia and annual weeds,are discovered in Alanshan desert. They belong to 12 families and 35 genera, and could be divided into 12 areal types, and 10 species of them were endemic to Alashan. The annual plants grow widely on clayey deserts, sandy deserts, gritty deserts, gravelly deserts rocky deserts and oasis. In general, one or several plant species form summer rain synusiae, and form a homogeneous or patchy distribution pattern in desert communities. Sometimes, some plant species distribute along runoff line, and form a dendritic or line pattern. The ecological adaptation and function were also discussed in the paper.

Spatial heterogeneity of vegetation and soil characteristics in oasis-desert ecotone

CHEN Peng, CHU Yu, GU Fengxue, ZHANG Yuandong, PAN Xiaoling

2003, (6):  904-908. 

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The spatial distribution of bio and abiotic factors in ecosystem has the features of spatial heterogeneity in general, and spatial heterogeneity is important in the function and process of ecosystem at a variety of scales. In this paper, semivariance theory and methods were used to study the degree, composition, scale and pattern of spatial heterogeneity of vegetation coverage and soil environment factors, and their relationships in the Fukang oasis desert ecotone of Xinjiang. With block kriging in the studied area of sampling, the spatial pattern of each factor was expressed in three dimensions as well. The results indicated that except the little spatial autocorrelation of salt salinity, there existed a spatial autocorrelation above mean of the other factors, and the spatial variation was mainly limited to smaller scales. The vegetation coverage, for which auto correlated spatial heterogeneity was a main component, had a high degree of spatial heterogeneity with obvious spatial pattern at the scale of 3 km. From the perspective of spatial distributions, there existed a remarkable difference between soil holard and soil pHvalue in the studied area. Besides this, the higher value areas interleaved with the lower ones, significant positive correlations were observed between herbage coverage and soil factors (surface SHand SPH), and shrub coverage depended on the deep SH. The difference of spatial heterogeneity and pattern between SCand HCindicated the different ecological function and process in the ecosystem.

Influence of conversion from forest to pasture on visual effect of landscape

YANG Haijun, MARUYAMA Junkoh, TSUCHIYA Fujio, MIZUTANI Atsushi

2003, (6):  909-912. 

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Geographical information system (GIS) was applied to quantitatively evaluate the influence of conversion from forest to pasture on the visual effect of the landscape by the viewpoint of landscape conservation. The visible area of the intermediate zone was larger than that of both the near and far zones,and hence,the influence of the conversion was the biggest on the visual effect of the intermediate zone. Therefore,intermediate zone is the most important part in landscape conservation. Analyses on the visibility of forest on the background of pasture showed that most parts of visible forest in all the zones located at elevations 400～600 m,but rarely distributed on slopes as steep as 25°. The measures in landscape management and conservation were also discussed in the sense of increasing the visual effect of pasture landscape.

Characteristics of canopy structure of super high yielding Japonica hybrid rice community

CHEN Jinhong, ZHANG Guoping, GUO Hengde, MAO Guojuan

2003, (6):  913-916. 

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In this paper,the characteristics of canopy structure,such as the numbers of seedling,panicle and grain,the distribution of dry matters in different canopy layers and different organs,and the distributions of LAIand of solar radiation in different canopy layers of super high yielding community of japonica hybrid rice were studied,in comparison with normal japonica rice. The results showed that the total the dry matter weight and the dry matter weight of layers below 40 cm,40～60 cm,60～80 cm and above 80 cm of japonica hybrid rice canopy were 32.29 %,29.12%,13.95%,16.45% and 100.17% higher those that of normal japonica rice,respectively. The ratios of dry leaf (photosynthetic organ) and of dry panicle (sink organ) weight to total dry weight were 24.8% and 12.8%,respectively,which were greater than those of normal japonica rice,while the ratios of dry sheath and stem (storage organs) weight were 33.6% and 28.9%, respectively,which were lower than those of normal japonica rice. The allotment of LAIin different layers of japonica hybrid rice canopy was reasonable,and the LAIof above 40 cm layer at full heading stage reached 5.44. The solar radiation was well distributed inside japonica hybrid rice canopy,for example,the solar radiation in layers below 60 cm were 13.1%～37.0% higher,but 5.9%～12.2% lower above 60 cm than that of normal japonica rice. The extinction coefficients of solar radiation in layers below 20 cm,20～40 cm,40～60 cm and 60～80 cm of japonica hybrid rice canopy were 35.1 %,13.5%,29.1% and 17.2% lower than that of normal japonica rice,respectively.

Effects of different environments on qualitative characters of three gluten wheat cultivars

GUO Tiancai, ZHANG Xuelin, FAN Shuping, ZHU Yunji, WANG Chenyang, MA Dongyun

2003, (6):  917-920. 

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Six cultivars including strong,middle and weak gluten wheat varieties were cultivated at five latitudes(from 32癗to 36癗)in Henan Province,and the variations of their qualitative characters were analyzed in relation to the different environments. The result indicated that latitudes had great effects on the protein content,wet gluten content,softening degree,evaluation value,and extensibility of the cultivars. The rheological parameters measured by farinogram and the extensogram were significantly different among different among different cultivars,and the coefficients of variation were quite large. The variations in qualitative characters among cultivars and amonge latitudes were different. With the rising latitude,the protein content,wet gluten content,development time,evaluation value,extensibility,resistance,and maximum resistance showed an increase tendency,with a few exceptions for certain latitude. For most qualitative characters,there was a clear boundary between Xinyan(32癗) and Zhumadian(33癗). According to these results,suggestions in the latitude layout of the hi quality wheat cultivars and in improving their cultuvation practices were made.

Effects of chilling and low light on cucumber seedlings growth and their antioxidative enzyme activities

ZHOU Yanhong, YU Jingquan, QIAN Qiongqiu, HUANG Lifeng

2003, (6):  921-924. 

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Studies on the growth and antioxidative enzyme activities of cucumber seedlings grown under low light and low temperature indicated that exposure of cucumber plants to low light at normal temperature and chilling under low light resulted in a retardation and a complete inhibition of plant growth, respectively,and their root vigor was also decreased.Chilling under low light increased the activities of SODand GPOD,showing more significant effects at 7 ℃ than at 12 ℃. The activities of these enzymes returned to normal after 5 days of recovery under normal conditions. Low light at normal temperature didn't affect SODactivity,which was increased when the plants were returned to normal growth conditions.GPODactivities increased markedly after 5 days of low light treatment and decreased during recovery.In addition, the content of MDAwas increased during chilling and low light treatment.

Water requirement of paddy field under different soil water conditions

WANG Xiaoying, WEN Dazhong, LIANG Wenju

2003, (6):  925-929. 

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Field experiment with three irrigation treatments,i.e.,continuous flooding irrigation (CSF), moisture condition irrigation (MTC), and intermittent irrigation (IT) were installed to study the water requirement of paddy fields. The results showed that in field experiment,the evapotranspiration (ET) was 889.1, 635.9 and 775.9 mm,and the evapotranspiration rate was 6.9, 4.9 and 6.0 mm穌^-1 for CSF,MTC and IT,respectively during the entire growing season. MTC and ITwere less than CSFby 28.5 and 12.7%.Under sufficient water supply, the evapotranspiration calcutated by Penman formula was less than that from field experiment by 29.3%, during stages from returning green to milk. The biomass was 16438.22,15887.94 and 15757.88 kg穐m^-2,and the grain yield was 8014.01,7828.91 and 7853.93 kg穐m^-2 for CSF,MTC and IT,respectively.No significant differences were found among three treatments.The water use efficiency (WUE) was 9.01, 12.31 and 10.12 kg穐m^-2 穖m^-1 for CSF,MTC and IT,respectively.The WUE of MTC and ITwere higher than that of CSFby 26.8 and 11.0%, showing that MTC was a comparatively water saving irrigation treatment.

Measurement of evapo-transpiration and crop coefficient of irrigated spring wheat in Naiman sandy cropland

LI Yulin, CUI Jianyuan, ZHANG Tonghui

2003, (6):  930-934. 

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Lysimeter experiments were conducted with spring wheat during cropping seasons to measure the crop evapotranspiration at Naiman region,and reference evapo transpiration during these seasons was calculated with FAO Penman-Monteith and other four methods.The relationship between FAO Penman-Monteith and other reference evapo transpiration methods was established,and the crop coefficients for spring wheat based on crop evapo transpiration and reference evapo transpiration were also developed. The results showed that the average weekly ET_c of spring wheat was less than 3 mm穌^-1 in the seedling phase. With the LAIincreased,the average weekly ET_c reached the peak of 6.49 mm穌^-1 (at heading phase),and declined to 1.94 mm穌^-1 during maturity phase.The local precipitation in the year of experiment did not satisfy the water demand for wheat production,and seedling,jointing,heading phases of spring wheat were the key phases in the course of water management. The differences in ET_r estimates between FAO Penman-Monteith and Penman and FAO Blaney-Criddle methods were obviously lower than those between FAO Penman-Monteith and Makkink and Priestley-Taylor methods.The calculated values of crop coefficient for spring wheat at the four crop growth phases (initial,crop development,reproductive and maturity) were 0.45,0.90,1.11 and 0.52,respectively.The coefficient at maturity stage differed considerably from those suggested by FAO-24.

Pathways of soil sulfur input and output in agro-ecosystem under different cropping rotations

WANG Qing ren, CUI Yanshan

2003, (6):  935-940. 

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This paper mainly dealt with the pathways of sulfur (S) input and output in agro ecosystems under general cropping rotations in northern China. The results indicated that in a typical corn wheat rotation system,Soutput by the crop products was 26.4 kg穐m^-2,and 6.8 kg穐m^-2 of Swas returned to the soil through root and plant residues. Under wheat soybean rotation,24.4 kg穐m^-2 of Swas removed from and 7.2 kg穐m^-2 of Swere returned to the soil. Under the rotation of corn with rape,up to 45.4 kg穐m² was taken out from and only 8.7 kg穐m^-2 returned to the soil,respectively. 7.9,6.4,6.7 and 18.9 kg穐m^-2 of Soutput by products and 2.6, 1.8, 4.3 and 5.6 kg穐m^-2 of Sinput by residues were obtained in cotton,sorghum,peanuts and paddy rice,respectively. Through estimation of Sbalance for these systems,6,8.5,24 and 7.1 kg穐m^-2 穣r^-1 of Swas lost from soil by growing wheat,corn,rape and paddy rice,respectively.

Molecular responses of rice (Oryza sativa L.) to the stress of lowly enhanced UV-B radiation

ZENG Jianmin, LIN Wenxiong, LIANG Kangjing, CHEN Fangyu, GUO Yuchun, TANG Lina, HE Huaqin, WANG Jingyuan, LIANG Yiyuan

2003, (6):  941-944. 

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The approach of mRNA differential display (DD) was used to analyze the gene differential expression of rice seedlings subjected to lowly enhanced Ultraviolet Bradiation. The results showed that of the eighteen differential fragments, fifteen ones were different in expressional levels, another one was depressed, and the other two, named as RUVB1 and RUVB2 respectively,which could be recovered and re amplified, were specifically induced. Sequence analysis for RUVB2 through Internet BLASTsearching indicated that it was more than95% identities with three rice ESTs, but very low similarity to others in the GenBank, and was mapped on the OSJNBb0091N21BAC(GenBank accession No.:AC091122) in Oryza sativa L.

Digital modeling of light distribution within the crop canopy in jujube-wheat interplanting system

ZHANG Jixiang, WEI Qinping, LIU Kechang, LU Peiling

2003, (6):  945-948. 

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On the basis of field observation and with the principles and methods of agricultural meteorology,the daily variations of the shadow width of jujube tree belts and the relative light intensity were analyzed in the jujube—wheat interplanting system,and the characteristics of vertical distribution of the light within the wheat canopy inside and outside the shadow were studied. The sunshine vertical distribution curves in the wheat canopy inside and outside the shadow were simulated by mathematical methods. The results showed that the shadow area of the south north planting jujube tree belts was fairly wider,but the relative light illuminance was larger in early morning and late afternoon than at about noon.Although the sunshine vertical distribution in the wheat canopy inside and outside the shadow was obviously different,they both observed the decreasing law for Gauss Curve.

Interspecific interactions between Cotesia plutellae and Oomyzus sokolowskii,two major parasitoids of diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella

SHI Zuhua, LIU Shusheng

2003, (6):  949-954. 

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The interspecific interactions between Cotesia plutellae (Kurdjumov)(Hym.: Braconidae) and Oomyzus sokolowskii (Kurdjumov)(Hym.:Eulophidae) were investigated at 28 ℃ in laboratory,by exposing the 3 rd instar larvae of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. (Lep.:Plutellidae) to two parasitoids concurrently,or to either species alone,and by exposing the host larvae already exposed to one species to another species.Compared with those exposures of host larvae to either one species at a time,the parasitism rates by C.plutellae were not reduced by the presence of O.sokolowskii,but the rates of parasitism by O.sokolowskii were significantly reduced by the presence of C.plutellae,when the host larvae were exposed to the two species of parasitoid concurrently. No significant differences were found between the parasitism rates done by the two species together, and those done by either one of the two species alone. When host larvae were exposed to O.sokolowskii after exposure to C.plutellae,the successful parasitism rates by C.plutellae were unaffected,while the parasitism rates by O.sokolowskii were only 8～13%.However, O.sokolowskii could parasitize the old larvae of C.plutellae developed inside host larvae. Cotesia plutellae could parasitize the host larvae parasitized previously by O.sokolowskii,and some individuals of C.plutellae in these multiparasitized hosts could develop normally and survive to adult emergence. When O.sokolowskii wasps were exposed to healthy host larvae and host larvae parasitized by C.plutellae,they preferred to parasitize the healthy ones. These results suggest that C.plutellae is the stronger competitor,but its competition capacity will be reduced by the parasitism by O.sokolowskii.

Influence of host age on the epizootic of nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Spodoptera litura

JIANG Jiexian, LIANG Guangwen, ZHENG Ling

2003, (6):  955-958. 

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Through investigation of tracking infected Spodoptera litura larvae,a study was carried out to observe the epizootic dynamics of nuclear virus disease of S. litura after virus release in different instar with concentration of 2.15?10⁷PIBs穖l^-1 in vegetable field. The results showed that with the age of S.litura increasing,the susceptibility to virus,mortality and death velocity decreased,the disease death sustained period of larvae obviously elongated,and the time that larval mortality and diseased prevalence began and peaked were postponed. The distribution of disease death time could be well simulated by Complementary log log model (CLL). Hosmer Lemoshow test showed that the theoretic values well fitted to observed data,and t test indicated that the coefficients of the model reached significant level. The distribution of diseased prevalence of host larvae was simulated by Holliday model,the regression of function was significant by Ftest,and its coefficients reached or approached significant level. Moreover,the cumulative diseased death time distribution could be described by Stype models (Gompertz,Logistic,Weibull),in which,the Gompertz model was the best.

Evaluation of azadirachtin against striped flea beetle,Phyllotreta striolata(F.)

HOU Youming, PANG Xiongfei, LIANG Guangwen, YOU Minsheng

2003, (6):  959-962. 

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Based on the idea of life table,the concept and index of insect pests accumulated damage amount were described and the damage degree and its fluctuation were compared.Through analyzing the deterrent effect of azadirachtin on the adults of striped flea beetle (SFB), Phyllotreta striolata (F.),the results showed that the control mechanism was its strongly deterrent effect. When0.5 ml稬^-1 azadirachtin was applied,83.75% of the SFBadults was kept away from the host plant. The population trend index (Ivalue) of SFB decreased from 3.8680 in the control to 0.3354.The interference index of population control (IIPC) was 0.0863 at this dosage. The results come from the fields,which avoided the space limit of laboratory experiment,were the main basis to evaluate the deterrent of allogenetic plant secondary substances to insect pests. Such index provided an objective method to assess the pest damage degree,and would play an important role in the dynamic researches of pest ecological control.

Effect of Suining Tributary ecoremediation to all size-fractionated chlorophyll-a contents

LIU Dongyan, DA Liangjun, YOU Wenhui, SONG Yongchang

2003, (6):  963-968. 

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Through analysis of the size fractionated chlorophyll a contents in the remedied part,control part and non remedied part in Suining Tributary,this paper discussed the effect of bioremediation to all size fractionated chlorophyll a contents. The averaged Chlorophy a content of nano plus pico phytoplankton made up 85.232%, 92.402 %,95.205% of the total,respectively for the remedied, control and non remedied part. Among these,the nano fraction alone made up 78.460%,87.943%,87.211%,respectively. Nano-phytoplankton contributed most to the total biomass of Chl a. Its average contribution was 84.538% to the whole tributary,whereas net phytoplankton contributed only 9.054%. Nano-and pico-phytoplankton was most sensitive to the test eco remedy. The remedy reduced the relative biomass of net-phytoplankton,and increased the relative biomass of Pico enhance. The relative biomass of nano and ultrta phytoplankton fraction was little effected.

Effects of algal bloom on N,P and K contents in Meiliang Bay of Taihu Lake.

YANG Dingtian, CHEN Weimin, JIANG Jing, JI Jiang, CAO Wenxi

2003, (6):  969-972. 

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According to the measurements in Meiliang bay between1998～2000,the effects of algal bloom on N,P,and Kcontents were studied. The results showed that the relationship between the Chl a content and temperature was positive. The lowest contents of NH₄⁺-N,TN, and TP were obtained in August and September every year, and their total content was positively related to the Chl a content. The annual change of Kcontent was similar to that of N and P. Compared to the 8 th sampling point,the content of N and Pat 0^th and 6^th sampling point was higher,and P was not the limiting factor. But in other areas,P was the limiting factor. It also proved that Microcystis spp. grew to form water bloom only when Ncontent was between 1～4 mg·L^-1 and TPcontent was between0.1～0.3 mg·L^-1 .

Fishery biology of Cyanea nozakii resources in the waters of Dongshan Island

LU Zhenbin, DAI Quanshui, YAN Youming

2003, (6):  973-976. 

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According to the investigations during April-September 1994, the peak date of Cyanea nozakii density of in the waters of Dongshan Island was from 25 June to 10 July,and that of its biomass was from 10 July to 5 August. The diameter of umbrella part of the stock ranged from 15 mm to 580 mm, averaging 247.48 mm,and the body weight ranged from 0.4 g to 10250 g, averaging1 274 g. The growth of the diameter of umbrella part and the body weight of Cyanea nozakii could be calculated using power equation and power exponential equation,respectively. Based on the bio economics principles,the optimal opening date was 15 July,and the rational fishing umbrella part was 360 mm

Dynamics of ⁹⁵Zr in simulated marine water-sediment-organisms system

WANG Chunlin, SHI Jianjun, SUN Pingyue, LI Mingyun

2003, (6):  977-981. 

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To provide scientific evidence to evaluate the behavior of ⁹⁵Zr in ocean ecosystem,the dynamic model of the transference,accumulation and disappearance of ⁹⁵Zr among the simulated marine water,sediment and organisms was investigated using Nassarius semiplicatus and Boleophthalums pectinirostris as experimental stuffs. The result showed that ⁹⁵Zr(Bq穏^-1 or Bq穖l^-1) in the marine water was decreased more than 90% in the first 4 h,and then descended gradually. ⁹⁵Zr in sediment was increased th the peak in 48 h and then declined. The radioactivity percent of ⁹⁵Zr in the shell and muscle of Nassarius semiplicatus was 68.7% and 31.30% respectively,while the radioactivity percent was 22.80%,12.64%,34.82%,10.31%,4.48%,11.55% and 3.71%,respectively in the fill,fin,viscera,skull,skin,vertebra and muscle of Boleophthalmus pectinirostris.Nassarius semiplicatus had a greater concentrating capability of ⁹⁵Zr than Boleophthalmus pectinirostris . The order of the ⁹⁵Zr concentration was found to be sediment > Nassarius semiplicatus> water> Boleophthalmus pectinirostris .Adynamic model of closed four compartment was constructed with exponent functio

Impact of aldicarb and its complex pollution on DNA of zebrafish embryo

LI Yang, ZHANG Qingmin, DAI Shugui

2003, (6):  982-984. 

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This paper deals with the impact of a complex pollution system composed of a very toxic carbamate pesticide,aldicarb and the widely used anionic surfactant,sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate(SDBS),on DNA of zebrafish(Brachydanio rerio) embryo. The results indicated that DNA damage caused by aldicarb became more serious with its increasing concentration,but single strand break caused by aldicarb in low concentration and short time could be repaired,and high concentration led to double strand break which was difficult to repaire. SDBSin certain concentration (20 mg稬^-1) could reduce the toxicity of aldicarb in the complex pollution system.

Construction and evaluation of indicator system for sustainable use of fishery resources in Zhoushan Fishing Ground

NI Haier, LU Jiehua

2003, (6):  985-988. 

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In order to assess the sustainable use level of fisheries resources,Zhoushan Fishing Ground was selected as a demonstration. Based on24 indicators related to the resource environment subsystem,social subsystem and economic subsystem,principal component analysis was employed to analyze the indicator system in each subsystem,and grey relative relationship analysis was computed as a indicator to evaluate the sustainable use level of fisheries resources. The results indicated that the sustainable use of fisheries resources was at a lower level before 1962,and gradually rose to the top in 1974. It has sharply declined since 1978,and dropped to almost the lowest level in 1983,being 51.72 % of 1974.

Escape of transgenes and its ecological risks

LU Baorong, ZHANG Wenju, LI Bo

2003, (6):  989-994. 

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The rapid development of biotechnology, particularly the transgenic technology, has brought us with tremendous opportunities to solve the world's starvation problems that have been caused by the continued expanding of the global population. However, the application of transgenic biotechnology and the environmental release of transgenic organisms have evoked a series of extraordinary debates on biosafety issues related to the prosperity and the future of transgenic technology. The public and scientific communities are desperately interested in knowing whether the transgenic products would pose negative influences on plants and animals, human life and health, as well as on genetic resources and environment. These concerns have become universal hot topics over the last decade. Among the most debated biosafety issues caused potentially by transgenic products, transgene escape to the environment and its consequent ecological risks become one of the appealing focal points. In this review, a series of biosafety issues concerned by public, including the possibility of transgene escape and its various paths, as well as the potential ecological risks caused by such escape were discussed, and various approaches for controlling for transgene escape and the factors to consider when designing safety isolation distance between transgenic varieties and other concerned plants were also examined. The objective of this review is to allow readers to understand the potential biosafety problems caused by environmental release of transgenic crops and by the escape of foreign transgenes in particular, and to use the effective tools to control and avoid transgene escape.

Approaches for assessing forest ecosystem health

CHEN Gao, DENG Hongbing, WANG Qingli, DAI Limin, HAO Zhanqing

2003, (6):  995-999. 

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Assessment and indicator system become the key issues in the research on ecosystem health in 21^st century. Assessing forest ecosystem health gradually attach much attention because it is an important component of terrestrial ecosystem. The definition,measurement,evaluation and its management had been discussed broadly,and some theories,assessing methods and frameworks had been proposed,which provides a new concept and a serial research approaches for dealing with the crisis of terrestrial ecosystems,even the environment problems in the world. Now,the common operational models for assessing forest ecosystem health do not exist owing to the manifold limitations. This paper discussed forest ecosystem health problem,and brought forward three preconditions for assessing forest ecosystem health:1) a clear conceptual framework;2) adequate data sets;3) proper research and analysis techniques. The issues of three preconditions were discussed,and the possible approaches for the assessing research on forest ecosystem health,e.g.,long term studies and environment monitoring,space for time substation studies,e.g.,history approaches,economics valuation and others were expariated.

Advances in studies on transported flux and properties of riverine organic carbon

GAO Quanzhou, TAO Zhen

2003, (6):  1000-1002. 

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Some lately advances in the study of riverine organic carbon were summarized in this paper. The transported flux of organic carbon from terrestrial ecosystems to the oceans via rivers, which is one of the most sensitive land surface processes in global climate change, has been changed in quantity due to the anthropogenic disturbance to it. The properties of riverine organic carbon, even in the same drainage, changed notably with the changes of hydrological processes in the drainage. Riverine organic carbon may become aged since they have been metabolized by the riverine microbes in the processes of being transported to the seas from the land, i.e., the radiocarbon in the riverine organic carbon was partially degraded by the microbes.

Research advances in biodegradation of chlorophenols in environment

JIANG Mei, NIU Shiquan, ZHAN Huiying, YUAN Jianmei, CHEN Hui

2003, (6):  1003-1006. 

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This paper examines the biodegradation of chlorophenols by microbes and deals with the chlorophenols degrading microbes and the usage of biotechnology with special emphasis on degradation mechanisms. Dechlorination is the first critical step in the bacterial degradation of many chloroniated pollutants. Under aerobic condition, the degradation of mono and dichlorophenols is shown to be initiated by oxygenation into chlorocatechols, and dechlorination occurs only after ring cleavage of the chlorocatechols. The degradation of polychlorinated phenols starts by hydrolytic para hydroxylation, yielding chlorinated para hydroquinone. The anaerobic biodegradation of chlorophenols occurs by reductive dechlorination, a process by which chlorines are replaced with hydrogen.

A review on algae ecology in wetland

XIONG Li, XIE Liqiang, SHENG Xiumei, WU Zhenbin, XIA Yicheng

2003, (6):  1007-1011. 

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The research advance in algae ecology in wetland was introduced in this paper,which included the algae population structure and its function,and the algae productivity and its affecting factors. Almost all kinds of algae occured in wetland,including four assemblages: epipelon, epiphyton, metaphyton and phytoplankton, among which, diatom, green and blue algae were the predominant species. Algae were the fundamental players in the physical, chemical and biological processes that characterized wetland ecosystems. Most obvious was their role as primary producers and their place in the wetland food web. Algae were an important food resource for herbivores, and contributed to wetland nutrient cycle as the sources of dissolved organic matter and N. They could also be used as biomarkers for monitoring environment pollution. The affecting factors on algae's productivity were hydraulic factor, nutrition, temperature, illumination,herbivores and some other animals,and so on. Because of their functions in wetland, future research on algae in wetland should expand our knowledge of the environmental controls on algal biomass, productivity, and species composition in wetlands, with particular in areas for which knowledge was incomplete. Included among these,may be a detailed evaluation of the proportionate contributions by epipelon, epiphyton, metaphyton, and phytoplankton to food web dynamics in wetlands,and a further study of the genetic technique in controlling hazardous algae.

A review on modelling bacterial transport in soils

LI Guihua, LI Baoguo

2003, (6):  1012-1014. 

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Most studies on bacterial transport in soils were carried out in columns under controlled conditions, and the results were various, reflecting the need of standardizing the method. Other methods were also used in conjunction with microscopy to examine the transport at pore scale. Mathematical models based on convection dispersion equation were developed to simulate bacterial transport.Within specific limits, these models could simulate the major behaviors of bacterial transport. However, they neglected some parameters such as the growth and death of bacteria.The theoretical development, experimental size, scale exchange and modeling for predicting bacterial transport at field scale should be further studied.

Rare and threathened polypores in the ecosystem of Changbaishan Nature Reserve of Northeastern China

DAI Yucheng

2003, (6):  1015-1018. 

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In last 10 years,extensive field inventories were carried out to investigate Polypore species, the major wood decaying fungi in the Changbaishan Nature Reserve of Northeastern China. The following27 species were treated as rare or threathened species: Amylocystis lapponica (Romell) Singer, Anomoporia albolutescens (Romell) Pouzar, Anomoporia bombycina (Fr.) Pouzar, Anomoporia vesiculosa Y.C. Dai & Niemel, Antrodia carbonica (Overh.) Ryvarden & Gilb., Antrodia crassa (P. Karst.) Ryvarden, Antrodiella citrinella Niemel & Ryvarden, Diplomitoporus flavescens (Bres.) Dom醤ski, Donkioporia expansa (Desm.) Kotl. & Pouzar, Gloeophyllum carbonarium (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Ryvarden, Haploporus odorus (Sommerf.) Bondartsev & Singer, Inonotopsis subiculosa (Peck) Parmasto, Nigroporus ussuriensis (Bondartsev & Ljub.) Y.C. Dai & Niemela, Oxyporus sinensis X.L. Zeng, Parmastomyces taxi (Bondartsev) Y.C. Dai & Niemela, Phellinidium sulphurascens (Pilat) Y.C. Dai, Phellinus vaninii Ljub., Polyporus vassilievae Thorn, Pycnoporellus fulgens (Fr.) Donk, Skeletocutis brevispora Niemela, Skeletocutis ochroalba Niemela, Skeletocutis perennis Ryvarden, Trechispora candidissima (Schwein.) Bondartsev & Singer, Wolfiporia dilatohypha Ryvarden & Gilb., Wolfiporia curvispora Y.C. Dai, Wrightoporia avellanea (Bres.) Pouzar and Wrightoporia lenta (Oveh. & J. Lowe) Pouzar. Polypores are richer in East Asia than in Europe and North America, not only because of destructive galciations and fewer hosts in the latters, but also because of the geography. NE Asia is a link between Europe and North America. Changbaishan Nature Reserve is very rich in polypores, and over 260 species were recorded in the reserve. Some rare species in North America and Europe, for instance, Anomoporia albolutescens, Antrodia crassa, Diplomitoporus flavescens, Inonotopsis subiculosa and Skeletocutis ochroalba etc. were found in Changbaishan Nature Reserve as well, and these species are in fact rare in the earth. Most of the 27 species occurred on fallen trunks or rotten wood in the reserve, but some of them grew on living trees. 18 species occured on substrate of gymnosperms, and 9 species grew on wood of angiosperm.Among the 27 species, 7 species caused a brown rot,and 20 species produced a white rot. The morphology, substrate and ecology of each species were briefly discussed. The most important tool for polypore conservation is the conservation of their habitats, and it is necessary to study the ecology of the rare and threathened species of polypores in the Changbaishan Nature Reserve. Because most of polypores live on the substrate of fallen trunks and rotten wood, it is very important to keep such substrate in the ecosystem.

Diurnal activity rhythm of Clethrionomys rufocanus

JIN Jianli, ZHANG Chunmei, YANG Chunwen

2003, (6):  1019-1022. 

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The diurnal activity rhythm of Clethrionomys rufocanus was studied under three different food conditions in a laboratory. The activity occurred both in the daytime and at night, but mainly at night (19:00～4:00). The mice fed with Mouse food exhibited six small peaks in their daily activity, and those fed with grass or hay exhibited seven, but the peak of the out nest night activity was 2～3 hours earlier.The activity amount of out nest was 30518.0 ±3694.9 s for those fed with grass, the next was 21811.7± 2288.0 s for those fed with hay, and the least was 15038.0±666.0 s for those fed with mouse food. The activity amount of feeding was 10867.3±1612.1 s for those fed with grass, much more than those fed with mouse food and hay. The activity amount for drinking was 988.5±79.1 s (fed with hay),568.9±60.9 s (fed with mouse food) and 139.3±47.2 s (fed with grass).

Degradation of fenpropathrin, phoxim and their mixture by soil microbes

ZHU Lusheng, WANG Jun, FAN Defang, ZHANG Jun, ZHAO Bingqiang, ZHANG Fudao

2003, (6):  1023-1025. 

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The degradation rates of fenpropathrin, phoxim and their mixture in un-sterilized soil were much quicker than those in sterilized soil, which indicated that soil microorganisms played a significant role in the degradation process in soil. The half life (T_0.5) in un sterilized soil was 56.2 d for fenpropathrin, 57.8 d for mixed fenpropathrin, 48.2 d for phoxim, and 41.7 d for mixed phoxim. The corresponding half life (T_0.5) in sterilized soil was 135.1 d, 147.3 d, 123.6 d, and 126.2 d, respectively. There were no significant differences for degradation rates between single use and mixed use of fenpropathrin and phoxim.

Functional predation response of three main species to cotton bollworm in Xinjiang cotton-planting area

FENG Hongbing, XU Jing, ZHANG Qingwen, WANG Fei, SONG Rong

2003, (6):  1026-1028. 

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Field insect population survey indicated that the principal natural predation enemies of cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera Hubner) were Eringonidium graminicola Sundevall, Adonia variegata Goeze, Nabis sinoferus Hsiao.The results from experiments showed that the amount of prey consumed of these principal natural enemies increased when the density of prey rised,and decreased when the density of natural enemies increased. The predation function response fitted Holling's predation response equationⅡ,and could be fit with the Disk Equatio

Application of Vc fermentation waste residue on prevention and control of plant diseases in protective ground

ZHU Keli, SU Zhencheng, LU Suxia, ZHANG Zhongze

2003, (6):  1029-1030. 

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The prevention and control of tomato plant diseases were conducted in protective ground using Vc fermentation waste residue treated by enzymolysis and ultrasonic wave. The results showed that the seedlings planted for 3 weeks on the protective ground soil continuously cropped tomato plant for 9 years and fertilized 75, 150 and 300 kg穐m^-2 grew well. Their biomass were increased by 123%, 164% and 182%, and the disease incidence rates were decreased by 59%, 78% and 85%, respectively. Under application of 300 kg穐m^-2 Vc fermentation waste residue, the products of tomato grown for 10 weeks on the soil continuously cropped tomato plant for 9, 6 and 2 years were increased by 60%, 43% and 14%, respectively, and the disease incidence rates were all decreased by 50%.