Age- and organ-related variances in fire resistance traits of typical tree species in subtropical China

doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202004.008

Abstract

Abstract: We investigated the fire resistance conferred by different forest age groups (young, middle-age and mature forest) and organs (leaf, branch, and bark) of six typical tree species (Myrica rubra, Schima superba, Symplocos sumuntia, Machilus pingii, Castanopsis eyrei, and Quercus glauca) in Qingshigang national forest farm, Yanling County, Hunan Province, subtropical China. We measured morphological, physical, and chemical properties that could be used as proxies for fire resistance and examined the variances of fire resistance among different organs and age groups in the same tree species. Further, we comprehensively ranked all the tree species by their capacity in fire resistance. We found considerable variation in fire resistance among organs and age groups. Compared with branches and barks, leaves had relatively higher water content (53.7%), higher crude ash content (4.5%), and lower crude fiber content (23.9%). Fire resistance of trees decreased first and then increased with increasing stand age. Trees in middle-aged stage showed the lowest contents of water, crude ash, and crude fiber. The comprehensive scores of fire resistance for diffe-rent organs were significantly different among species. Fire resistance of leaves generally decreased in the order of M. pingii > C. eyrei > S. sumuntia > M. rubra > S. superba > Q. glauca. For branches, M. pingii and C. eyrei showed the strongest fire resistance, followed by M. rubra and S. superba. For barks, S. superba and C. eyrei were relatively stronger in fire resistance than other species, while M. pingii and Q. glauca were the weakest. The comprehensive scores of fire resistance performance of species were different. S. superba (1.033) and M. rubra (0.526) were the most fire-resistant species, while M. pingii (-0.405) and Q. glauca (-1.151) were the least fire-resistant. Therefore, S. superba and M. rubra were the preferred tree species for fire prevention forest belt in forests of subtropical southern China.

Key words: plant organ, age group, fire-resistant tree species, fire resistance

ZENG Su-ping, LIU Fa-lin, ZHAO Mei-fang, AI Yao, CHEN Xiao-wei. Age- and organ-related variances in fire resistance traits of typical tree species in subtropical China[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2020, 31(4): 1063-1072.

References 33

[1]	王宁, 王美菊, 李世兰, 等. 降水变化对红松阔叶林土壤微生物生物量生长季动态的影响. 应用生态学报, 2015, 26(5): 1297-1305 [Wang N, Wang M-J, Li S-L, et al. Effects of precipitation variation on gro-wing seasonal dynamics of soil microbial biomass in broadleaved Korean pine mixed forest. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2015, 26(5): 1297-1305]
[2]	高国平, 曲艺, 苑辉. 应用色赤杨营造防火林带试验研究. 应用生态学报, 1996, 7(1): 16-18 [Gao G-P, Qu Y, Yuan H. Afforestation with Alnus tinctoria to build fire prevention forest belt. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 1996, 7(1): 16-18]
[3]	邱扬, 李湛东, 张玉钧, 等. 火干扰对大兴安岭北部原始林下层植物多样性的影响. 生态学报, 2006, 26(9): 2863-2869 [Qiu Y, Li Z-D, Zhang Y-J, et al. The effects of fire disturbance on the biodiversity of understory plant in virginal forest, northern region of Daxinganling Mountains, China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(9): 2863-2869]
[4]	乔泽宇, 房磊, 张悦楠, 等. 2001—2017年我国森林火灾时空分布特征. 应用生态学报, 2020, 31(1): 55-64 [Qiao Z-Y, Fang L, Zhang Y-N, et al. Spatio-temporal characteristics of forest fires in China between 2001 and 2017. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2020, 31(1): 55-64]
[5]	赵志霞, 李正才, 周君刚, 等. 火烧对中国北亚热带天然马尾松林土壤有机碳的影响. 生态学杂志, 2016, 35(1): 135-140 [Zhao Z-X, Li Z-C, Zhou J-G, et al. Effect of fire on soil organic carbon of natural Pinus massoniana forest in north subtropical area of China. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2016, 35(1): 135-140]
[6]	孙龙, 赵俊, 胡海清. 中度火干扰对白桦落叶松混交林土壤理化性质的影响. 林业科学, 2011, 47(2): 103-110 [Sun L, Zhao J, Hu H-Q. Effect of moderate fire disturbance on soil physical and chemical properties of Betula platyphylla-Larix gmelinii mixed forest. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2011, 47(2): 103-110]
[7]	李修鹏, 杨晓东, 余树全, 等. 基于功能性状的常绿阔叶植物防火性能评价. 生态学报, 2013, 33(20): 6604-6613 [Li X-P, Yang X-D, Yu S-Q, et al. Functional trait-based evaluation of plant fireproofing capabi-lity for subtropical evergreen broad-leaved woody plants. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2013, 33(20): 6604-6613]
[8]	Reich PB, Wright IJ, Cavender-Bares J, et al. The evolution of plant functional variation: Traits, spectra, and strategies. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 2003, 164: S143-S164
[9]	孙永明, 张文恒, 姚丽敏, 等. 山西省生物防火树种选择研究. 山西林业科技, 2017, 46(2): 1-6 [Sun Y-M, Zhang W-H, Yao L-M, et al. Study on selection of biological fire resistant tree species in Shanxi. Shanxi Forestry Science and Technology, 2017, 46(2): 1-6]
[10]	周子贵, 罗福裕, 周雪长, 等. 杨桐等23个乔灌木树种抗火性能的研究. 浙江林业科技, 1996, 6(2): 16-23 [Zhou Z-G, Luo F-Y, Zhou X-C, et al. Study on fire resistance of 23 tree and shrub species such as Adinandra millettii. Journal of Zhejiang Forestry Science and Technology, 1996, 6(2): 16-23]
[11]	郭颖涛, 于景华. 复合型防火林带主要桦木树种不同器官生物量积累的研究. 安徽农业科学, 2015, 43(8): 128-129 [Guo Y-T, Yu J-H. Study on different organs biomass accumulation of birch tree species in compound type fireproof forest belt. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2015, 43(8): 128-129]
[12]	张景群, 王得祥. 40种乔木8种灌木燃烧性的R-Ⅲ方程计算与分类. 林业科学, 1999, 35(4): 51-57 [Zhang J-Q, Wang D-X. Application of R-Ⅲ equation in the combusition calculation and classification of 40 kinds of trees and 8 shrubs. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 1999, 35(4): 51-57]
[13]	肖金香, 黄亚哲, 李冬, 等. 江西常见树种抗火性研究. 江西农业大学学报, 2011, 33(1): 76-83 [Xiao J-X, Huang Y-Z, Li D, et al. A study on fire-resistance of mountain tree species in Jiangxi. Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jiangxiensis, 2011, 33(1): 76-83]
[14]	徐六一, 罗宁, 刘桂华, 等. 安徽省防火树种的选择及评价研究. 安徽农业大学学报, 2005, 32(3): 349-353 [Xu L-Y, Luo N, Liu G-H, et al. Selection and evaluation of fire-resistant tree species in Anhui Province. Journal of Anhui Agricultural University, 2005, 32(3): 349-353]
[15]	裴建元, 严员英, 叶清, 等. 10种常绿阔叶树种理化性质的研究. 中南林业科技大学学报, 2015, 35(2): 16-21 [Fei J-Y, Yan Y-Y, Ye Q, et al. Study on physical and chemical properties of 10 evergreen broad leaf tree species. Journal of Central South University of Forestry & Technology, 2015, 35(2): 16-21]
[16]	舒立福, 田晓瑞, 李红, 等. 我国亚热带若干树种的抗火性研究. 火灾科学, 2000, 9(2): 1-7 [Shu L-F, Tian X-R, Li H, et al. Study on fire resistance of some subtropical trees in China. Fire Safety Science, 2000, 9(2): 1-7]
[17]	王明霞, 单延龙, 尹赛男, 等. 11种树种的树皮抗火性. 应用生态学报, 2020, 31(1): 65-71 [Wang M-X, Shan Y-L, Yin S-N, et al. Fire resistance of bark of 11 tree species. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2020, 31(1): 65-71]
[18]	吕飞舟, 吕勇, 张江. 青石冈林场木荷次生林空间结构调控研究. 中南林业科技大学学报, 2014, 34(7): 67-72 [Lyu F-Z, Lyu Y, Zhang J. Study on spatial structure regulation of Schima superba secondary forests in Qingshigang forest farm. Journal of Central South University of Forestry & Technology, 2014, 34(7): 67-72]
[19]	曾思齐, 张敏, 肖化顺, 等. 青石冈林场木荷杉木混交林更新演替研究. 中南林业科技大学学报, 2013, 33(1): 1-6 [Zeng S-Q, Zhang M, Xiao H-S, et al. Study on regeneration and succession of mixed forest of Schima superba and Cunninghamia lanceolata in Qing-shigang forest farm. Journal of Central South University of Forestry & Technology, 2013, 33(1): 1-6]
[20]	国家林业局调查规划设计院. 森林资源规划设计调查技术规程(GB/T 26424—2010). 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2011 [Research Planning and Design Institute of the State Forestry Administration. Technical Regulations for Forest Resources Planning and Design (GB/T 26424-2010). Beijing: China Standards Press, 2011]
[21]	国家林业局. 森林植物与森林枯枝落叶层样品的制备(LY/T 1267—1999). 北京: 中国标准出版社, 1999 [The State Forestry Administration. Preparation of Forest Plants and Forest Floor Samples (LY/T 1267-1999). Beijing: China Standards Press, 1999]
[22]	温开德, 欧阳园兰. 11种常绿阔叶树的树皮抗火性研究. 南方林业科学, 2018, 46(1): 50-53 [Wen K-D, Ouyang Y-L. Study on bark fire resistance of 11 evergreen broadleaved tree species. South China Forestry Science, 2018, 46(1): 50-53]
[23]	van Mantgem P, Schwartz M. Bark heat resistance of small trees in Californian mixed conifer forests: Testing some model assumptions. Forest Ecology and Management, 2003, 178: 341-352
[24]	Nefabas LL, Gambiza J. Fire-tolerance mechanisms of common woody plant species in a semiarid Savanna in south-western Zimbabwe. African Journal of Ecology, 2007, 45: 550-556
[25]	Lawes MJ, Adie H, Russell-Smith J, et al. How do small savanna trees avoid stem mortality by fire? The roles of stem diameter, height and bark thickness. Ecosphere, 2011, 2: art42
[26]	单延龙, 胡海清, 舒立福, 等. 树叶抗火性的排序与分类, 林业科学, 2003, 39(1): 105-113 [Shan Y-L, Hu H-Q, Shu L-F, et al. Ordering and sorting of fire resistance of tree leaves. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2003, 39(1): 105-113]
[27]	李克, 倪泽仁, 刘晓东, 等. 南京市5种常见树种的燃烧性研究. 西北农林科技大学学报, 2020, 48(1): 103-110 [Li K, Ni Z-R, Liu X-D, et al. Flammability of five common tree species in Nanjing. Journal of Northwest A&F University, 2020, 48(1): 103-110]
[28]	邹璐, 陶远胜, 甘继权, 等. 井冈山自然保护区16种树叶的抗火性排序. 江西农业大学学报, 2012, 34(5): 976-982 [Zou L, Tao Y-S, Gan J-Q, et al. Ordering of fire resistance of 16 leaves in Jinggangshan Nature Reserve. Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jiang-xiensis, 2012, 34(5): 976-982]
[29]	陈存及, 何宗明, 陈东华, 等. 37种针阔树种抗火性能及其综合评价的研究. 林业科学, 1995, 31(2): 135-143 [Chen C-J, He Z-M, Chen D-H, et al. Study on fire resistance and comprehensive evaluation of 37 species of broadleaf species. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 1995, 31(2): 135-143]
[30]	刘桂华, 张洁, 余立华, 等. 皖南19种树种生物防火能力的研究. 安徽农业科学, 2006, 34(5): 892-893 [Liu G-H, Zhang J, Yu L-H, et al. Biological fire-resistant function of nineteen tree species in the Southern Anhui. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2006, 34(5): 892-893]
[31]	谭家得, 柯欢, 陈杰, 等. 华南地区3个树种的抗火性能分析. 林业与环境科学, 2016, 32(6): 86-90 [Tan J-D, Ke H, Chen J, et al. Analysis of fire-resis-tance abilities of three tree species in south China. Forestry and Environmental Science, 2016, 32(6): 86-90]
[32]	祝必琴, 黄淑娥, 田俊, 等. 亚热带季风区不同林型可燃物理化性质及燃烧性研究. 江西农业大学学报, 2011, 33(6): 1149-1154 [Zhu B-Q, Huang S-E, Tian J, et al. A study on the physical-chemical properties and flammability of different forest types in semi-tropical monsoon area. Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jiangxiensis, 2011, 33(6): 1149-1154]
[33]	田晓瑞, 舒立福, 乔启宇, 等. 南方林区防火树种的筛选研究. 北京林业大学学报, 2001, 23(5): 43-47 [Tian X-R, Shu L-F, Qiao Q-Y, et al. Research on fire-resistance tree species in south China. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2001, 23(5): 43-47]