Abstract: Solid waste is an important source of pathogens. During the process of collection, transportation, and treatment, pathogens may spread through direct contact, aerosol transmission, leachate discharge, and waste-derived by-products, posing threats to human health and ecological environment. The types and abundance of pathogens vary across different waste types and treatment methods. We summarized the types and occurrence patterns of pathogens commonly found in municipal solid waste, livestock and poultry manure, and sewage sludge. We further analyzed the dynamics and transmission risks of pathogens under different treatment and disposal methods such as landfilling, composting, and anaerobic digestion. Moreover, we reviewed the applicability and mechanisms of inactivation technologies, including ultraviolet irradiation, microwave treatment, chemical disinfectants, and thermal treatment. Finally, we proposed key challenges in current research and future directions. This review would provide reference for pathogen risk control and for enhancing the safety of solid waste management.

Key words: solid waste, pathogen, dissemination risk, inactivation technology