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    18 January 2025, Volume 36 Issue 1
    Opinion of the Editor-in-Chief
    Quantitative characterization system for macroecosystem attributes and states
    YU Guirui, YU Zongxu, YU Fubo, HAO Tianxiang, ZHU Jianxing
    2025, 36(1):  1-12.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202501.031
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    Macroecosystem science is dedicated to exploring and understanding the mechanisms underlying ecosystem structure, function, and processes. Accurately measuring and quantitatively describing the basic properties and state changes of ecosystem, and establishing corresponding measurement methods and dimensional systems, are key steps in promoting the development of macroecosystem research. Therefore, based on traditional ecosystem element attributes such as biology and soil, as well as researches on biological traits at the levels of organs, individuals, and species, constructing measurement methods and dimensional systems that quantitatively characterize the intrinsic properties and state changes of ecosystem, and developing new macroecosystem research theories and application systems, are fundamental theoretical and methodological issues that urgently need to be addressed in macroecosystem science research. In this article, we started from the attribute state and dimensional system of traditional phy-sics, systematically discussed the theoretical methods, measurement variables, and dimensional systems for quantitatively describing ecosystem properties and states, proposed the concepts of ecosystem traits (ESTs) and multi-dimensional ecosystem trait networks (ETNs), and extended them to the measurement and application analysis of macroecosystem traits, aiming to deepen the understanding of ecosystem structure composition, operating mechanisms, and state evolution monitoring and evaluation, and promote regional and global conservation, comprehensive resource utilization, and sustainable development of economy and society.
    Original Articles
    Species diversity of arbor forests and influencing factors at different successional stages of Tianmu Mountains, China
    WU Dengyu, TANG Mengping
    2025, 36(1):  13-20.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202501.003
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    We analyzed species diversity of arbor forests and its relationship with spatial structure and soil factors at different successional stages of Tianmu Mountain National Nature Reserve in Zhejiang Province, including conife-rous and broad-leaved mixed forest and evergreen broad-leaved forest. The results showed that as the coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest successionally advanced to the evergreen broad-leaved forest, the number of species increased from 51 to 62. In the top 10 species ranked by importance value, the proportion of Fagaceae species increased from 27.7% to 42.3%. Simpson index and Pielou evenness index differed significantly at different succession stages, decreasing from 0.79 to 0.77 and 0.91 to 0.86. In the coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest stage, competition index was significantly positively correlated with Shannon index and species richness. Complete mingling was significantly positively correlated with Simpson index, Shannon index, and Pielou evenness index. Aggregation index was significantly negatively correlated with Simpson index, Shannon index, and species richness. Hydrolytic nitrogen and available potassium were significantly positively correlated with Pielou evenness index and significantly negatively correlated with species richness. In the evergreen broad-leaved forest stage, aggregation index was significantly negatively correlated with Shannon index and species richness. Complete mingling was significantly positively correlated with Simpson index, Shannon index, and Pielou evenness index. Shannon index and species richness were significantly negatively correlated with hydrolytic nitrogen and significantly positively correlated with available phosphorus. Simpson index, Shannon index, and species richness were significantly positively correlated with organic matter content. Spatial structure explained more variations of species diversity than soil factors at different successional stages. Aggregation index and complete mingling were the main spatial structure factors affecting species diversity. In conclusion, we recommended to focus on regulating spatial structure and to adjust soil physicochemical properties according to the succession stage to protect species diversity of arbor forests in different succession stages in Tianmu Mountains.
    Factors influencing and diurnal characteristics of stem sap flow of various diameter classes in Castanopsis carlesii in the central Yunnan alpine region, China
    QIU Xueming, WANG Keqin, HE Xianyue, LI Zhuyu, ZHANG Guanghe, ZHAO Yangyi
    2025, 36(1):  21-30.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202501.005
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    We examined the diurnal variation characteristics of stem sap flow of Castanopsis carlesii, a natural evergreen broad-leaved tree species occurring in the Mopanshan Forest Park in central Yunnan. Environmental factors were recorded with a small automatic weather station. The results showed that the diurnal variation of the sap flow rate of trees from large (35-45 cm), medium (25-35 cm) and small (15-25 cm) diameter classes showed obvious single-peak curves of ‘day high and night low’. The sap flow rate in the first half of the night was slightly higher than that in the second half. The change in sap flow rate on the daily scale showed a trend characterized by an initial increase followed by a decrease. The overall change range was proportional to the size of the diameter class. The sizes of sap flow rates across the diameter classes were in the order of middle diameter class > large diameter class > small diameter class. The daily sap flow rate across diameter classes ranged from 19.21 to 72.27 mL·cm-2·d-1, while the nighttime sap flow rate ranged from 0.97 to 6.04 mL·cm-2·d-1. The contribution rate of nighttime sap flow to the daily sap flow ranged between 2.6% and 21.5%. The contribution rate of nighttime sap flow in the diameter classes was in the order of small diameter class > middle diameter class > large diameter class. The sap flow rate in C. carlesii was significantly correlated with solar radiation, saturated water vapour pressure deficit, air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed. The main factors influencing daytime sap flow rate were solar radiation, saturated water vapour pressure deficit, air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed. The main factor influencing nighttime sap flow rate was air temperature. In the subalpine habitats of Southwest China characterized by low temperatures and high humidity, the sap flow of C. carlesii exhibited pronounced diurnal variation, with significant differences in the factors influencing sap flow between day and night. When estimating the total daily transpiration water consumption of C. carlesii, it is essential to consider the contribution of nighttime sap flow.
    Leaf C:N:P stoichiometry and influencing factors of different geographic populations of Caragana stenophylla in desert
    CHEN Wenyan, ZHANG Xue, WANG Yixuan, LI Jingyao, BAI Xiaohong, WANG Lei, QU Wenjie
    2025, 36(1):  31-38.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202501.002
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    To investigate the stoichiometric characteristics of leaves in desert plants and the influencing factors, we analyzed the relationship between leaf stoichiometry and environmental factors of 16 different geographic populations of Caragana stenophylla. The results showed that the mean C, N, and P contents in the leaves of C. stenophylla were 407.72, 34.21, and 1.98 g·kg-1, with coefficients of variation of 5.9%, 24.2%, and 34.8%, respectively. The mean of C:N, C:P, and N:P were 13.0, 223.8, and 19.6, with coefficients of variation of 37.1%, 26.2%, and 38.8%, respectively, indicating that plant growth was primarily constrained by P. Soil C, N, and P contents across C. stenophylla populations were relatively low, at 7.97, 0.89, and 0.38 g·kg-1, respectively, with coefficients of variation of 71.3%, 70.1%, and 39.9%, respectively. The mean C:N, C:P, and N:P were 9.0, 22.7, and 2.5, with coefficients of variation of 28.6%, 77.8%, and 72.7%, respectively. There were significantly positive correlations between soil EC, available P, pH, P content and leaf C content, C:N, and P content, while significant negative correlations with leaf N content, C:P, and N:P. In summary, the growth of C. stenophylla was not only primarily limited by plant P content, but was also closely related to soil EC, available P, pH, and P content.
    Characteristics of soil and root microbial communities of Haloxylon ammodendron plantation of different ages in the margin of a desert oasis
    LI Yuda, WANG Guohua, ZHAO Lina, GOU Qianqian
    2025, 36(1):  39-49.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202501.009
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    Haloxylon ammodendron is one of the widely planted species for sand stabilization in the arid regions of Northwest China. After long-term plantation, it has degraded due to soil environmental imbalances and severe root diseases. In this study, we investigated the structure and diversity characteristics of soil and root microbial communities of H. ammodendron plantation with different ages (0, 10, 30 and 50 years) in the margin of a desert oasis in the Hexi Corridor. The results showed that soil pH, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and β-glucanase activity were significantly higher in 30 years plantation than those in other ages. The α diversity indices of soil and root fungal communities were also significantly higher in 30 years plantation than those in other ages. There was significant difference in soil fungal community structure between 30 and 50 years plantations. Root fungal community structure was significantly different between 30 and other years. The relative abundance of Coniophora (the pathogen of Basidiomycota) became the dominant fungal genus in 30 years plantation, and significantly increased by 9.4 times in soil and by 12.3 times in root compared with 10 years plantation. The relative abundance of Pseudomonas (the dominant bacterial group) in soil significantly decreased in 30 and 50 years plantations. The relative abundance of pathogenic Coniophora was significantly and positively correlated with soil pH, β-glucanase activity and total phosphorus, and was negatively correlated with the abundance of Pseudomonas in the soil. The increase of pathogenic Coniophora in 30 years was the key microbial factor for the degradation and death of H. ammodendron. Our results could provide valuable information on the prevention of diseases in H. ammodendron plantation.
    Soil water and carbon distribution characteristics and their coupling relationship in Pinus tabuliformis plantations with different densities
    GUO Yanjie, BI Huaxing, ZHAO Danyang, LIU Zehui, LIN Dandan, HAN Jindan, HUANG Haobo
    2025, 36(1):  50-58.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202501.007
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    We measured total carbon content, organic carbon content, inorganic carbon content and water content of 0-5 m soil layers in five Pinus tabuliformis stands with densities of 1000, 1800, 2700, 3600 and 4500 plants·hm-2 in the loess region of western Shanxi Province, to understand the responses of soil water and carbon at different soil layers to stand density. We used an improved coupling coordination degree model to quantify the intensity of the water-carbon trade-off/synergistic response to stand density. The results showed that soil organic carbon content exhibited surface aggregation (0-20 cm), and gradually decreased as soil depth increased. Soil inorganic carbon content initially increased and then decreased with soil depth, but there were no significant differences among soil depths. As stand density increased, soil organic carbon content increased gradually, while soil inorganic carbon increased initially but then decreased, and the density threshold was 2549 plants·hm-2. Soil water content decreased initially and then increased with stand density, reaching a density threshold of 3268 plants·hm-2. As stand density increased, the coupling coordinations of soil total carbon with water, and organic carbon with water, decreased initially and then increased. They showed synergistic developments among 1000-1800 plants·hm-2, whereas transition harmonies among 1800-3600 plants·hm-2, and then synergistic developments among 3600-4500 plants·hm-2. That was a pattern of “synergy-trade-offs-synergy”. The coupling coordination of soil inorganic carbon and soil water decreased with the increase in stand density. There were synergistic developments among 1000-2700 plants·hm-2, and transition harmonies among 2700-4500 plants·hm-2, with a pattern of “synergy-trade-offs”. These results suggested that when the stand density of P. tabuliformis plantation was less than 1800 plants·hm-2, it could reduce water consumption of forest and increase carbon sink, realizing the synergistic development of soil carbon sequestration and water conservation.
    Mechanisms underlying the impacts of subtropical natural secondary succession on soil nitrogen mineralization
    SUN Jiawen, SHI Xiuzhen, SHAO Yaqi, FENG Ding, WANG Jianqing, LIU Bao, ZOU Bingzhang, WANG Sirong, HUANG Zhiqun
    2025, 36(1):  59-66.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202501.018
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    To explore the changes in soil nitrogen (N) mineralization and underlying mechanisms during the succession of subtropical natural secondary forests, we employed a space-for-time substitution approach to study five forests at different developmental stages (i.e., 5, 8, 21, 27, and 40 years), with the primary forests over 100 years old as a control. We measured soil net N mineralization rate under microcosm cultivation, as well as soil physi-cochemical properties, microbial biomass, and the richness of understory. The results showed that soil net N mine-ralization rates significantly increased with the succession of natural secondary forests, which varied from (-0.04±0.01) to (0.39±0.04) mg·kg-1·d-1. The net N mineralization rate in primary forests (0.73±0.12 mg·kg-1·d-1) was significantly higher than that in secondary forests. Results of random forest analysis showed that soil total N and carbon-to-nitrogen ratios were significant predictors of soil net N mineralization rates. Regression analysis showed that soil microbial biomass carbon significantly and positively correlated with soil net N mineralization rates. The understory shrub layer richness was significantly correlated with net soil N mineralization rate. Structural equation models showed that forest ages had a direct positive effect on soil microbial biomass carbon, and an indirect one via reducing soil pH. Soil microbial biomass carbon and soil carbon-to-nitrogen ratios had significantly positive and negative effects on soil net N mineralization rates, respectively. In conclusion, soil carbon-to-nitrogen ratio and microbial biomass carbon were important factors regulating the impacts of natural secondary forest succession on soil N mineralization.
    Change of soil dissolved organic matter and its association with fungal communities after short-term nitrogen addition in different tree species
    BAI Xinyu, YUAN Xiaochun, ZENG Quanxin, ZHANG Xiaoqing, SUN Hao, ZHANG Qiufang, LU Jiaohong, CUI Juyan, CHEN Yuemin
    2025, 36(1):  67-76.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202501.016
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    Soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) is an important component of soil carbon pool, and its interaction with soil fungal communities is crucial for soil carbon cycle. We set up three nitrogen (N) addition levels, including control (0 kg N·hm-2·a-1), low N (40 kg N·hm-2·a-1), and high N (80 kg N·hm-2·a-1), in Pinus taiwanensis and Castanopsis faberi forests to explore the effect of N addition on the DOM quantity and optical properties, as well as the relationship between soil fungal communities and DOM by using three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy coupled with parallel factor analysis and high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that N addition did not significantly change the quantity or optical properties of soil DOM and Chao1 index in P. taiwanensis forest. In contrast, N addition, especially the high addition rate, significantly reduced the content of soil dissolved organic carbon, humification index, and relative content of humic-like components of DOM in C. faberi forest. Additionally, the relative abundance of Mortierellomycota in the fungal community significantly increased after N addition. Redundancy analysis indicated that soil DOM content and optical properties in P. taiwanensis forest were mainly influenced by Chao1 index after N addition. In contrast, soil fungal community structure, β-glucosidase activity, and pH were the main factors influencing DOM content and optical properties in C. faberi forests. This suggested that the key factors affecting soil DOM quantity and optical properties after short-term N addition depended on tree species. Furthermore, network analysis demonstrated a close relationship between soil fungal communities and DOM components. Fewer associative edges were observed, suggesting that the association between soil fungal communities and DOM components was weakened by N addition. Overall, this study provided novel insights into the relationship between fungal communities and dissolved organic carbon pools in forest soils with N addition.
    Morphological-anatomical structure and photosynthetic characteristics of needles with different ages on vege-tative and reproductive branches of Pinus koraiensis trees
    WANG Pengyang, WU Haibo, YAO Li, YANG Jianfei, ZHANG Peng, SHEN Hailong
    2025, 36(1):  77-85.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202501.006
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    We compared the differences of morphological, anatomical structure and photosynthetic performance of the current-year and one-year-old needles on reproductive and vegetative branches of 40-year-old Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) trees under full light during the fruiting period of June, July and August. We further analyzed the correlation between various needle indexes of different branch type and needle ages. The results showed that, except stomatal density, needle width and central cylinder area, the other morphological, anatomical structure indexes and moisture content of current-year needles showed significant differences among different months, while the variables of one-year-old needles showed no difference across months. The length of current-year needles in July and August was significantly greater than that in June by 91.0%-110.1% and 122.2%-131.5%, respectively, while the speci-fic needle area was significantly lower by 32.8%-40.9% and 44.8%-52.5%, respectively. The xylem area was significantly higher by 47.3%-70.8% and 75.9%-105.7%, and the phloem area was significantly higher by 29.2%-30.0% and 64.3%-73.2%, respectively. The net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of current-year and one-year-old needles showed opposite trend across different months, with the Pn of current-year needles in July and August was 17.1%-39.8% and 40.3%-51.5% higher compared to June, while the Pn of one-year-old needles in July and August decreased by 40.1%-56.9% and 45.2%-46.1%, respectively. There were significant differences in length and Pn of needles between reproductive and vegetative branches. The current-year needle length on reproductive branches in June and July was significantly shorter than those on vegetative branches by 16.4% and 28.1%. The Pn of current-year and one-year-old needles on reproductive branches was significantly lower than those on vegetative branches by 23.1% and 20.4%, respectively. Capture efficiency of excitation energy in PSⅡ reaction center (Fv′/Fm) and Pn of current-year needle on reproductive and vegetative branches, as well as the intercellular CO2 concentration of current-year needles on vegetative branch were closely correlated with other morphological and anato-mical structure indices, except for stomatal density, while one-year-old needles showed weak correlations. Needle age was the primary factor causing differences in morphological and anatomical structures and photosynthetic performance indices of needles, while branch type only significantly affected needle length and Pn.
    Construction of universal taper equation of Larix kaempferi in different climatic regions
    WANG Yikun, JIA Weiwei, CHEN Dongsheng, LI Dandan, LI Zelin
    2025, 36(1):  86-94.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202501.001
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    Based on 234 Larix kaempferi tree samples from 78 sampling plots across three regions, including Liao-ning, Hubei, and Gansu provinces, we selected the optimal one among the six commonly used taper equations in forestry research to construct a basic model, a climate response model, and a nonlinear mixed-effects model suitable for different climatic regions with the climatic factors being added in an exponential form. We further investigated the stem form indices of L. kaempferi in different regions, analyzed the differences in stem form responses to climatic variables, and selected the optimal universal equation based on the fitting accuracy of the three models. The results showed that Kozak model had the best universality and was the optimal basic model. After simultaneously introducing annual average temperature and annual average precipitation into the optimal basic model to the climate response model, the fitting accuracy of the model was improved by considering the impact of various climatic factors on stem form. Additionally, when different regions were introduced into the nonlinear mixed-effects model as random factors, the fitting accuracy reached the highest (R2=0.9874) among the three models with the lowest AIC (6426.04) and BIC (6512.88) values according to the evaluation indicators and residual plots. The root-mean-square error was reduced by 4.9% and 4.0% compared with the basic model and climate response model, respectively. Therefore, the nonlinear mixed-effects model could be the optimal universal taper equation for describing stem form of L. kaempferi in the three regions.
    Modelling the production of pine seeds and nuts in Pinus koraiensis plantation
    LI Yumeng, JIA Weiwei, GUO Haotian
    2025, 36(1):  95-103.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202501.004
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    We collected data on fruit and tree factors in Pinus koraiensis plantations in the Linkou Forestry Bureau of Heilongjiang Province. Pine cones were divided into three grades based on fresh weight. We analyzed the correlations between pine cones, pine seeds, and pine nuts, and constructed the foundational models for pine seed weight, pine nut quantity, and pine nut weight. Then, we introduced the effects of cone grade and random effects of sampling sites into the foundational models, and selected the optimal mixed-effects model by comparing the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). The results showed that the weights of pine seeds and nuts were significantly negatively correlated with the number of empty seeds and the diameter at the base of pine cones, and were significantly positively correlated with other traits. The mixed-effects models that introduced cone grade and random effects of sampling sites had better fitness than the foundational models. Among them, the mixed-effects model that included the site effect in the optimal foundational model showed better fitness than the model that included the cone grade effect. Compared to the optimal foundational models, the R2 values of the optimal mixed-effects models for pine seed weight, pine nut quantity, and pine nut weight with the inclusion of the site effects was improved by 20.8%, 29.5%, and 32.8%, respectively. The optimal mixed-effects models for pine seed weight, pine nut quantity, and pine nut weight had prediction accuracies (FP) of 98.3%, 97.9%, and 97.8%, respectively. All those values surpassed the predictive accuracy of the optimal foundational model. Our results indicated that the mixed-effects models could better predict seed yield of P. koraiensis.
    Effects of short-term fencing on plant functional diversity in the meadow steppe of Saihanba, Hebei Pro-vince, China
    SONG Shanshan, ZHU Jiangling, TANG Zhiyao
    2025, 36(1):  104-112.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202501.010
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    We explored the effect of three-year fencing on species diversity and functional diversity of plant communities of a meadow steppe in Saihanba, Hebei Province. The results showed that compared with grazing, fencing significantly altered soil chemical properties and plant community composition, with the dominant species changing from Plantago asiatica to Sanguisorba officinalis. Fencing did not change plant species diversity. In fenced plots, leaf and root functional richness were 16.9 (1.18 vs. 0.07) and 1460.2 (3.57 vs. <0.01) times as that in grazed plots, respectively; while leaf functional divergence and root functional evenness decreased by 7.7% (0.72 vs. 0.78) and 12.3% (0.57 vs. 0.65), respectively. In both fenced and grazed plots, species β-diversity was mainly contributed by turnover components (74.9% and 62.4%), while functional β-diversity was mainly contributed by nestedness components (Leaf: 82.6% and 70.6%; Root: 73.9% and 79.5%). In fenced plots, overall species and functional β-diversity were driven by the combination of soil properties and spatial factors (Species: R2=0.53; Leaf: R2=0.47; Root: R2=0.29). In grazed plots, overall species and functional β-diversity were mainly driven by spatial factors (Species: R2=0.31; Leaf: R2=0.36; Root: R2=0.40). In summary, there were differences in the effects of fencing on species diversity and functional diversity, and species turnover did not lead to trait turnover. Therefore, both species diversity and functional diversity should be considered when evaluating the effectiveness of grassland restoration. Exploring β-diversity and its components of communities in different dimensions helps us to better understand the mechanisms of community assembly.
    Factors influencing the diversity of terrestrial plant communities in China
    FU Shanyi, LI Linlin, HU Haijuan, YAN Yan
    2025, 36(1):  113-120.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202501.008
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    The mechanism of biodiversity formation and maintenance is an important topic in ecological research. To reveal the ecological processes affecting plant diversity formation of terrestrial ecosystems in China, we conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the dominant factors affecting plant diversity of different growth forms in different climatic zones, including climate, soil, and topography. We collected data from 441 published papers, and constructed multiple regression models. The results showed that the tropical humid zone and the plateau climate zone had the richest plant diversity in China, followed by the subtropical humid zone and the temperate humid semi-humid zone. The temperate arid and semi-arid zone had the lowest plant diversity. With the exception of the temperate arid and semi-arid zone and the tropical humid zones, topographic and soil factors had the greatest overall influence on tree diversity. Except for herb in temperate arid and semi-arid zone, the diversity of shrubs and herbs in other climate zones, as well as the diversity of shrubs in temperate arid and semi-arid zone, were primarily influenced by topography and soil factors. Different mechanisms affected plant diversity of different growth forms in different climatic zones, though they were all affected by factors including climate, soil, and topography. At regional scale, soil and topographic factors played an important role in the formation and maintenance of plant diversity, confirming the influence of differences in habitat heterogeneity on plant diversity at large scales.
    Carbon accumulation rates of vegetation and soil in mangroves of China and their influencing factors
    HU Kaijie, WANG Wei, QIAN Wei, JIANG Zhongmao, XIONG Yanmei
    2025, 36(1):  121-131.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202501.014
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    The mangrove forest constitutes an important part of blue carbon sink. A summary of carbon accumulation rates of vegetation and soil in mangrove forests and their influencing factors is lacking at the national scale of China. Based on literature collection and data mining, we analyzed the carbon accumulation rate and influencing factors of mangrove vegetation, soil, and the entire ecosystem in China. The results showed that vegetation carbon accumulation rate changed with the age of mangrove forests, with the pattern differing among different communities. Soil carbon accumulation rate differed little among forest ages. The mangrove community types with carbon accumulation rate being commonly reported were Avicennia marina, Kandelia obovata, Aegiceras corniculatum, Rhizophora stylosa, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Sonneratia apetala and Sonneratia caseolaris. Among them, S. apetala community and S. caseolaris community had the highest vegetation carbon accumulation rate, and soil carbon accumulation rate was not significantly different among communities. The mean carbon accumulation rates of vegetation and soil in mangroves of China were 766.9 and 201.1 g·m-2·a-1, respectively, with Guangdong Province having the highest average values. Stand origin (natural or planted) and quantification methods had no significant effect on the carbon accumulation rates of vegetation, soil or entire ecosystem. In general, the vegetation carbon accumulation rate of mangroves is mainly influenced by forest age and community type at the national scale, which can be regulated by tree species selection and forest age management in mangrove restoration. However, the main factors influencing soil carbon accumulation rate need to be investigated by further research. More measurement of carbon accumulation rate of mangroves in Zhejiang and Hainan provinces are needed.
    Responses of organic carbon fractions in biocrust-covered surface soil to simulated warming and wetting on the Loess Plateau, Northwest China
    XIAN Haiying, XIAO Bo, YAO Xiaomeng, DOU Weiqiang
    2025, 36(1):  132-140.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202501.012
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    The intensification of global climate change may increase temperature and precipitation in drylands. Biocrust is one of the important surface covers in drylands. The responses of soil organic carbon (SOC) fractions and their stability in biocrusts-covered soil to climate warming and wetting remain unclear. We investigated the response of SOC fractions and stability under moss-dominated biocrusts in the Loess Plateau to two years warming (approximately 3 ℃ increase) crossed with 10%, 30% and 50% increases in precipitation. The results showed that: 1)The contents of SOC and its fractions in the surface layer covered by moss biocrusts were significantly increased by both warming and warming combined with wetting, whereas SOC stability was decreased. Both warming and warming combined with wetting increased the contents of SOC, labile organic carbon (LOC, including microbial biomass carbon, dissolved organic carbon and easily oxidized organic carbon) and recalcitrant organic carbon (ROC) by 28%, 51% and 24% on average, respectively. They also increased the labile index of organic carbon (LIC) by an average of 28%. In contrast to only warming, the treatments that combined warming and wetting resulted in average increases in SOC, LOC and ROC of 25%, 30% and 22%, together with a 15% rise in LIC. 2) There were significant and positive correlations between the contents of SOC, LOC and ROC and biocrust cover, moss biomass, moss density, and ammonium and nitrate contents under simulated warming and wetting. Furthermore, annual precipita-tion accounted for an average of 88% of the variation in SOC components. In conclusion, the warming and wetting climate changed the carbon conversion strategies of biocrusts, increased the content and activity of SOC components and decreased SOC stability. Therefore, in future intensified warming and wetting scenarios, SOC content in moss-dominated biocrust-covered soils in the Loess Plateau region may increase, with more pronounced dynamic changes in soil carbon pools.
    Effects of smooth vetch covering on carbon accumulation from different sources in soil aggregates
    ZHANG Meng, CHENG Ruimei, SHEN Yafei, CHEN Tian, LI Jing, ZENG Lixiong, LEI Lei, XIAO Wenfa
    2025, 36(1):  141-151.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202501.017
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    The stability of soil organic carbon pool is determined by the accumulations of microbial- and plant-drived carbon. To explore the accumulation characteristics of organic carbon from different sources and their relative contributions in soil aggregates covered by green manure, we conducted a field experiment in citrus orchards with clean tillage treatment as the control, to analyze the effects of smooth vetch covering on the accumulation and relative contribution of microbial- and plant-drived carbon in large macroaggregates (2-8 mm), small macroaggregates (0.25-2 mm) and microaggregates (<0.25 mm), as well as the driving factors behind. The results showed that: 1) Smooth vetch covering increased fungal and microbial necromass carbon and their contributions to total organic carbon in soil aggregates. The increase in microaggregates of fungal and microbial necromass carbon was the most prominent, which reached to 76.7% and 70.2%, respectively. Smooth vetch covering increased the ratio of fungal to bacterial necromass carbon, which ranged from 4.58 to 4.66 across soil aggregates, indicating that fungal necromass carbon led to the accumulation of microbial necromass carbon. 2) Smooth vetch covering decreased the total lignin phenol content and its contribution to total organic carbon in large macroaggregates, but significantly increased the content in microaggregates, with no significant contributions to total organic carbon. 3) Soil organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon were two important factors which influenced microbial necromass carbon. The contribution of microbial necromass carbon to total organic carbon was increased with increasing leucine aminopeptidase and exchangeable calcium contents. In addition, the content of complex Fe oxide played a vital role in increasing the contribution of total lignin phenol to total organic carbon in soil aggregates. In summary, under smooth vetch covering, fungal-derived carbon dominated the accumulation of microbial necromass carbon in soil aggregates. Plant-derived carbon in large macroaggregates may be converted into microbial source carbon and stored in soil. Microbial-derived carbon would dominate the change of organic carbon in soil aggregates.
    Effects of deep tillage on yield of maize based on national and regional scales: A meta-analysis
    WANG Xue, TONG Bingxin, SUN Mengyu, LI Changqing, SUN Zhimei
    2025, 36(1):  152-160.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202501.013
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    To understand the effects of deep tillage on the yield and yield composition of maize on national and regional scales, we collected data from 1998 to 2023 of published papers in China and abroad. We conducted a meta-analysis, and quantified the overall and regional impacts of deep tillage on maize yield and yield composition, with conventional tillage (e.g. plow tillage, rotary tillage or harrow tillage with the depth less than 18 cm) as the control group and deep tillage (e.g. subsoiling, deep ploughing or deep mixing with the depth more than 25 cm) as the treatment. We further quantitatively analyzed the effect of annual average temperature, annual average precipita-tion, soil texture, pH, soil organic carbon (SOC) content, total nitrogen (TN) content, planting method, cropping system, straw returning, experimental duration, and fertilizer application on maize yield of deep tillage. Results showed that deep tillage significantly increased maize yield by 8.1% on the national level. Responses of yield to deep tillage in different regions were highly variable. Deep tillage significantly increased maize yield by 9.2%, 8.1%, and 7.8% in Northwestern, Northeastern, and Northern China, respectively. There was no significant difference for yield effect of maize in Southeastern China and Southwestern China. The significant increase in maize yield through deep tillage was attributed to the combined improvement in effective number of spikes, the grains per spike and hundred grains weight. Random forest analysis showed that experimental duration had greatest impact on the relative change rate of maize yield, accounting for 13.3%. Deep tillage could improve maize yield in the Northwes-tern China under one crop per annum and continuous cropping with the annual average temperature, annual precipitation, SOC and TN content was less than 10 ℃, 400 mm, 10 g·kg-1 and 1 g·kg-1, respectively. In climate zones with an average annual temperature of less than 10 ℃ and an average annual precipitation of 400-800 mm, as well as neutral (pH 6.5-8) soils with moderate soil nutrient content (SOC of 10-15 g·kg-1 and TN of 1-1.5 g·kg-1), deep tillage could increase maize yield in Northeast China during continuous cropping of one crop per year. In the neutral soil with an average annual temperature of 10-15 ℃, an average annual precipitation of 400-800 mm, SOC content<10 g·kg-1 and TN content of 1-1.5 g·kg-1, where two crop rotation was used in the Northern China region, deep tillage significantly increased maize yield. The higher mean annual temperature may be the main reason for the insignificant yield increase of deep tillage maize in Southern China. The average yield increasing rate decreased with the extension of deep tillage duration. Yield effect reached the maximum when deep tillage lasted for 1-3 years. Straw returning and reasonable fertilization were the best methods increasing maize yield under deep tillage. Therefore, deep tillage would benefit maize yield in Northern China. The duration of continuous deep tillage should not exceed three years in combination with straw returning and suitable fertilization.
    Effects of application of Streptomyces rochei on strawberry growth and rhizosphere microbial community structure in greenhouse
    ZHOU Daren, GUO Qiao, LI Jin, SUN Chenyu, SHU Xiaolong, XUE Quanhong, LAI Hangxian
    2025, 36(1):  161-168.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202501.020
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    Streptomyces rochei D74 has good growth-promoting effects on a variety of crops. We investigated the growth-promoting effects of Streptomyces rochei D74 on strawberry and rhizosphere microbial community under facility-cultivated condition. The results showed that: 1) D74 treatment significantly increased the dry and fresh weights of roots at the flowering stage by 40.5% and 51.8%, respectively. The total length, total surface area and the number of root tips increased by 120.9%, 55.5%, and 57.1%, and the average diameter and total volume increased by 36.5% and 6.9%, respectively. 2) Fruit yield was improved by 111.4%, along with the increase of nutrient contents (soluble protein content by 32.0%; and vitamin C by 9.4%). 3) The total potassium and ammonium nitrogen at the fruiting stage were also significantly increased by 0.5% and 1.9% under the D74 treatment, while sucrase, urease, catalase, and acid phosphatase were enhanced by 35.5%, 163.8%, 86.5%, and 32.8%, simultaneously. 4) D74 treatment significantly reshaped the rhizosphere bacterial community and dramatically increased the diversity of bacterial and fungi communities, coupled with a enrichment of potential beneficial bacteria such as Sphingomonas and a reduction of the harmful bacteria Fusarium and Plectosphaerella. Soil enzyme activities in the root zone were positively correlated with the relative abundance of beneficial bacterial genera such as Sphingomonas after the application of D74. In conclusion, D74 treatment improved soil chemical properties, soil enzyme activity, as well as growth characteristics of strawberry in greenhouse, by enriching beneficial bacteria and decreasing the relative abundance of harmful bacteria, with consequences on both quality and yield.
    Effects of organic materials on soil carbon pool management index in urban greenspaces
    NIU Yuhui, MA Xiang, LIANG Jing
    2025, 36(1):  169-177.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202501.011
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    We conducted a 475-d urban field experiment using a nylon mech bag method, combined with the solid-state 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, to explore the effects of organic materials application on soil organic carbon components and carbon pool management index (CPMI) and their relationships with the chemical compositions of organic materials. There were seven treatments with the addition of different organic materials: green waste (GW), green waste compost (GWC), biogas residue (BR), biogas residue compost (BRC), peat (PT), biochar (BC), and no organic material (CK). Results showed that organic materials addition increased total soil organic carbon and labile organic carbon content by 34.1%-87.0% and 11.1%-39.5%, respectively. The positive effects of organic materials addition on those two variables in the PT, BC, and GWC treatments were significantly higher than that in the BR and BRC treatments. Soil microbial biomass carbon and dissolved organic carbon contents were increased dramatically in the BR and GW treatments compared to the CK, while PT and BC treatments had no effect on soil microbial biomass carbon and dissolved organic carbon contents. The addition of organic materials increased the CPMI, with all values exceeding 100%, being the highest in BC treatment and the lowest in BR treatment. CPMI was significantly negatively correlated with the total nitrogen of organic materials, but not with the total organic carbon of organic materials. Moreover, the aromaticity index of organic material was linearly correlated with the stabilization rate of organic material-derived carbon and CPMI. In conclusion, applying organic materials might increase soil organic carbon and labile organic carbon contents, as well as the CPMI in urban greenspaces. The CPMI was mainly regulated by carbon structure rather than the quantity of added organic material-derived carbon. Adding organic materials with high aromatic carbon groups was beneficial to improving the urban soil quality of the carbon pool.
    Changes of heat stress of summer maize and their responses to circulation index
    HUANG Jin, ZHANG Fangmin
    2025, 36(1):  178-186.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202412.009
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    Identifying possible connections between heat stress and large-scale circulation indices (LSCI) is beneficial for mitigating the impacts of climate anomalies on summer maize cultivation. Based on daily maximum tempe-rature data and summer maize yield records from 1980 to 2019 in Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Anhui, and Jiangsu, we evaluated the applicability of nine types of extreme temperature indices on describing heat stress during growth period through first-order difference processing, correlation analysis and regression analysis. We identified the spatio-temporal modes of key disaster-causing factors through principal component analysis, and further analyzed their responses to the circulation indices using time-lag correlation. The results showed that the spatiotemporal characte-ristics of heat stress could be better evaluated with the maximum cumulative heat degree-day (MHDD) of high-temperature spell as a key disaster-causing factor when the high temperature threshold was set as 32 ℃. There was a significant spatial distribution pattern of disaster intensity of heat stress, decreasing from south to north. The strengthening trend of heat stress in the central study area was more significant than other sub-regions. The multi-linear model based on previous LSCI data could simulate heat stress. The Pacific warm pool index was the primary precursor signal of heat stress in multiple sub-regions.
    Small-scale forest fire risk zoning based on bivariate statistics and multi-criteria decision analysis
    OUYANG Yiyun, LI Chunhui, NI Rongyu, ZHAO Pingxin, ZENG Aicong, GUO Futao
    2025, 36(1):  187-196.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202501.030
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    Fires pose serious threats to human life, forest environments, and biodiversity. Small-scale regional forest fire risk mapping is crucial for fire management. We combined bivariate statistics (weight of evidence, WOE, statistical index, SI) with multi-criteria decision analysis (analytic hierarchy process, AHP, analytic network process, ANP) to construct new WOE-ANP and SI-ANP comprehensive models to conduct forest fire risk zoning in Wangmo County, Guizhou Province. The results showed that most areas in the southern, western, and northern parts of Wangmo County were highly prone to forest fires, with fire risk of regions classified as level 4 or above accounting for 39.2%. Fire risk was severe in the county. The comprehensive models effectively enhanced the predictive ability of single bivariate statistical models. Compared to AHP, ANP provided more reliable assessments for the weight of forest fire risk factors. The WOE-ANP and SI-ANP comprehensive models demonstrated high accuracy (84.3% and 83.8%, respectively) in assessing forest fire risk, offering more reliable decision support and reference for forest fire management.
    Inversion of organic carbon content in calcareous soil in karst area based on hyperspectral and multispectral fusion
    TAN Yongshi, WEI Zhenxi, XIAO Yan, HUANG Yulin, LI Zongxin, YANG Shuting, ZOU Lin, YANG Lanhui, DENG Yusong
    2025, 36(1):  197-207.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202501.025
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    Organic carbon, as one of the important components of soil, is of great significance in assessing soil quality and stability. In karst areas, understanding the distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon content can identify potential soil erosion risk areas and provide a scientific basis for optimizing land use and formulating effective soil and water conservation measures. We collected limestone soil samples under different land use types in Guinan karst, captured soil color images by using five smartphones to extract soil color parameters, and used a spectrometer to obtain soil spectral information. We combined machine learning methods and linear algorithms i.e., artificial neural network (BPNN), support vector machine (SVM), and random forest (RF), as well as the linear algorithm partial least squares regression (PLSR), to establish an inverse prediction model for organic carbon content. We used the coefficient of determination, root mean square error, and relative analytical error as the model accuracy evaluation indices, to screen and specify the smartphones and the corresponding prediction models applicable to soil organic carbon content in the region and the prediction models under the spectrometer method. The results showed that the modeling results of five smartphones based on the four modeling methods presented different effects: Redmi Note11T pro+>IQOO Neo7 SE>Huawei nova 5Z>realme X7 pro>iPhone X. The integrated modeling effects of the multispectral data collected by the five smartphones and the hyperspectral data collected by the spectrometer were consistent. The SVM accuracy assessment coefficient was the best and the modeling effect showed superiority, followed by BPNN, RF and PLSR, compared with PLSR, the machine learning algorithm showed a better prediction effect. Combined with the scatter plot of model estimation, the model predictions were more dispersed when soil organic carbon content was lower than 10 g·kg-1 and more concentrated when the soil organic carbon content was higher than 10 g·kg-1. This study could provide theoretical support and practical basis for understan-ding the spatial distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon content in karst area, which would be a basis for solving the problem of soil erosion and improving the agricultural production environment in this area.
    Response of kernel temperature vegetation drought index to urbanization in Northeast China
    LI Guoqing, ZHANG Chunkang, ZHANG Xianyun, YANG Zhengxiongfeng, WEN Pengfan, YANG Qinghua
    2025, 36(1):  208-218.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202501.027
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    Clarifying the relationship between urbanization level and drought in the Northeast China is of great significance for ecological protection and the coordinated development of urbanization. We used kernel normalized difference vegetation index (kNDVI) instead of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in constructing the kernel temperature vegetation drought index (kTVDI). We then applied the Sen-MK method and Moran’s index to analyze the spatiotemporal variation and spatial clustering of the kTVDI in the Northeast China from 2013 to 2022, and to examine the differences in kTVDI and their trends in areas with varying levels of urbanization and rural areas. The results showed that the correlation between kTVDI and soil moisture was stronger than that between temperature vegetation drought index (TVDI) and soil moisture in different years and periods. Additionally, kTVDI showed higher noise resistance in high-value areas compared to TVDI, making it more applicable to drought monitoring in the western part of Northeast China. From 2013 to 2022, drought intensity in Northeast China increased from northeast to southwest. Drought stress was stronger in spring and autumn, while that in summer was weaker, with a trend of worsening in spring and alleviating in summer and autumn. The Lesser Khingan Mountains, Changbai Mountains, and eastern Heilongjiang region formed a low-low clustering area for kTVDI, while high-high clustering areas were mainly distributed in the western Liaoning hills and the northeast plain. The expanding high-high clustering area largely overlapped with the urban triangle region of Harbin, Changchun, and Jilin, indicating that human activities within this urban cluster strengthened the drought. Areas with different levels of urbanization all experienced intensified regional drought, with moderate levels of urbanization having a stronger impact on the exacerbation of drought than high levels of urbanization. Urban green spaces could somewhat mitigate the impact of urbanization on drought.
    Contribution of climate change and human activity to vegetation recovery in Shanxi Province from 2002 to 2022
    ZHAO Yuqi, ZHAO Pengyun, XU Zehai, LI Zhigang
    2025, 36(1):  219-226.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202501.026
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    Shanxi Province has fully implemented ecological protection and restoration initiatives since 2002. Assessing the spatiotemporal variations in vegetation across Shanxi is crucial for timely adjustments to ecological construction measures and ensuring their effectiveness. Based on normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), temperature, and precipitation data from 2002 to 2022, we employed the pixel dichotomy method, trend analysis, and multiple regression residual analysis to simulate the spatiotemporal variations of vegetation cover in all the 11 muni-cipal regions of Shanxi Province. By comparing potential NDVI with actual NDVI, we assessed the relative contributions of climate change and human activity to vegetation restoration. The results showed that vegetation coverage in different cities of Shanxi Province was mainly medium-high and high cover from 2002 to 2022, with Jincheng sho-wing the highest coverage and Shuozhou showing the lowest. Climate change and human activity together promoted rapid NDVI growth during the growing season in Shanxi Province, with a growth rate of 5.4×10-3·a-1. The areas with significant NDVI increase accounted for 72.1% of the total area. Within the municipalities, Lyuliang demonstrated the fastest NDVI growth rate (7.3×10-3·a-1). Human activity played a significant role in promoting vegetation restoration in Shanxi Province, while climate change had moderate contribution, with relative contribution rates of 76.3% and 23.7%, respectively. In Changzhi, Jincheng, and Yuncheng, the relative contribution rates of human activity exceeded 90%. Climate change notably facilitated vegetation restoration in Lyuliang. NDVI decreased signi-ficantly at the junction of Taiyuan, Lyuliang, and Jinzhong and in several city centers, slightly suppressed by climate change and moderately suppressed by human activity. The NDVI in Shanxi Province was significantly positive, and overall vegetation cover had reached a relatively high level. But, vegetation cover remained low in northern Shanxi. The relative contribution of human activity was highest in the southern region, while climate change had higher contribution in the central-western region.
    Climate impact mechanism underlying vegetation carbon sequestration changes in northern Guangdong, China based on spatial lag model
    PAN Senyuan, ZHOU Qiaowei, LI Jinggang, SUN Chuanzhun
    2025, 36(1):  227-237.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202501.022
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    Understanding the mechanisms driving changes in vegetation carbon sequestration is a scientific support for achieving regional “dual carbon” goals and high-quality development. However, current research lacks comprehensive consideration of the spatiotemporal autocorrelation of influencing factors, and fails to accurately reflect the dynamic impact process of these factors. We identified the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of vegetation carbon sequestration in northern Guangdong using meteorological data from 31 national meteorological stations and vegetation net primary productivity (NPP) data within a 10 km radius from 2001 to 2020. By constructing a spatial lag model of panel data and combining partial correlation analysis and dominance analysis methods, we analyzed the role of climate factors, and investigated the spatial variations of the influencing factors by the geographical weighted regression model. We further quantified the contribution of climate factors and human activity factors to vegetation carbon sequestration changes with the residual trend method. Results showed that, from 2001 to 2020, the average carbon sequestration in the study area was 955.43 g C·m-2. Vegetation carbon sequestration in this region showed a fluctuating downward trend, with strong spatial heterogeneity. The annual average relative humidity, annual average sunshine hours and annual average precipitation were climate factors with significant impacts on regional carbon sequestration changes. The spatial differences of those influencing factors were considerable, and there was a strong correlation with altitude. Compared to climate factors, human activities were the main influencing factor of vegetation carbon sequestration variations in northern Guangdong, with an average contribution rate of 70.2% for human factors and 29.8% for climate factors.
    Dynamic optimization of the ecological red line in Zhejiang Province based on wilderness protection
    GUAN Jiawen, YANG Guofu, CHEN Hao, WANG Zhenguo, WANG Xiyu, XU Bin
    2025, 36(1):  238-248.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202501.023
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    Human activities continuously encroach upon wilderness spaces, which is a severe threat to biodiversity. The ecological red line (ECR), which was innovatively demarcated and strictly executed in China, has played a great role in the construction of ecological civilization and the protection of ecological environment. However, the concept of wilderness was originated late, and thus the protection of wilderness was hardly considered when ECR was defined before. Based on an improved wilderness identification model, we overlaid and analyzed wilderness areas with existing ECRs to evaluate the ECR’s contribution to wilderness protection in Zhejiang Province. Taking the balance and spatial distribution difference between economic and ecological benefits of wilderness into consideration, we put forward the potential optimization path of current ECR. The results showed that, during 2010-2020, the distribution pattern of wilderness land in Zhejiang Province was “more in the west and less in the east”. The area of wilderness land decreased by 20.8%, and the overall quality of wilderness land showed an obvious downward trend. During the study period, the loss of wilderness land within the red line was less, and the quality of 27.2% of wilderness land was improved, while the loss of wilderness land outside the red line was serious and the overall quality decreased. The current ECR only covered 29.8% of wilderness, indicating significant protection gaps. Integration and optimization of the ECR resulted in a 40.2% increase in ECR area and a 135.8% increase in protected wilderness area. Our results could provide a theoretical basis for improving the efficiency of ECR protection, formulating key wilderness protection ways, and promoting the sustainable development of cities and towns and the maintenance of biodiversity.
    Spatiotemporal differentiation and evolution trend of critical climatic variables in different ecological regions of China
    ZHONG Yong, GAO Lei, PENG Xinhua, ZHANG Shuaipu, GAN Lei
    2025, 36(1):  249-258.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202501.024
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    Under the background of intensifying global changes, the evolution of climate trends has received signi-ficant attention. Few studies have conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the temporal dynamics of essential climate parameters across diverse ecological zones in China. Based on the data from 1525 stations spanning China’s mainland between 1961 and 2021, we employed the Theil-Sen slope method, Mann-Kendall trend test, and spatial analysis methodologies to analyze the spatiotemporal patterns and trends of critical climate parameters within four ecological regions: the northeast humid and semi-humid ecological region (Ⅰ), the southern humid ecological region (Ⅱ), the northern arid and semi-arid ecological region (Ⅲ), and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau ecological region (Ⅳ). The findings revealed that the spatial heterogeneity of climate variables across the four regions was more pronounced than their temporal variability, with the former exhibiting moderate to strong variability and the latter predominantly showing weak variability. Except for relative humidity, the intra-annual variations of other climate variables (precipitation, air temperature, vapor pressure deficit, net surface radiation, and potential evapotranspiration) all follow unimodal curves, with peaks typically occurring between May and August. The highest probability of peak occurred in July. From 1961 to 2021, temporal trends in climate variables showed significant differences among different regions. Precipitation increased in all four regions, but was only significant in Region Ⅳ (0.62 mm·a-1). Air temperature significantly increased in all regions, with annual rises ranging from 0.02 (Region Ⅱ) to 0.03 ℃ (Regions Ⅰ, Ⅲ, and Ⅳ). Relative humidity significantly declined by 0.03%·a-1 (Regions Ⅰ and Ⅳ) to 0.05%·a-1 (Region Ⅲ). The vapor pressure deficit increased by 0.5 (Region Ⅰ) to 0.8 Pa·a-1 (Region Ⅲ). The net radiation significantly decreased by 2.1 (Region Ⅳ) to 4.4 MJ·m-2·a-1 (Region Ⅰ). Annual potential evapotranspiration significantly decreased by 0.99 mm·a-1 in Region Ⅰ and significantly increased by 0.40 mm·a-1 in Region Ⅳ. China was experiencing a “warming and drying” trend as indicated by air temperature and relative humidity, while changes in air temperature and precipitation indicated an overall “warming and wetting” trend, particularly in Region Ⅳ.
    Construction and optimization of ecological network of natural protected areas in the northwestern arid region: A case study of Hexi Corridor
    LIAN Hugang, LIU Chunfang, NI Bowen, QU Zhangming
    2025, 36(1):  259-270.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202501.021
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    Constructing and optimizing ecological network of natural protected areas is beneficial for mitigating the isolation of natural protected areas and biodiversity conservation. Taking Hexi Corridor as an example, we identified the spatial distribution of wilderness areas. High quality wilderness areas and natural protected areas were consi-dered as ecological source areas. Using the minimum cost distance model and circuit theory to extract ecological corridors and important ecological nodes, we established a potential ecological network of natural protected areas and implement network optimization with two optimization scenarios: restoring barriers (scenario 1) and adding stepping stone nodes (scenario 2). The optimal solution was determined through a comprehensive evaluation of habitat connectivity and network stability. The natural protected areas in Hexi Corridor exhibited an ecological network pattern of “one main corridor, five secon-dary corridors, two horizontal connections, and multiple vertical connections”. Among these, Qilian Mountains National Park played a crucial role in maintaining the overall connectivity of natural reserve network, while the peripheral protected areas and natural parks had weaker functions in sustaining the connectivity of the entire network. A total of 65 ecological pinch points and 57 ecological barriers were identified. Both were primarily located in the western and eastern areas of the Hexi Corridor, with large expanse of desert. In the two optimization scenarios, the number of source areas and corridors increased to varying degrees, and there was an improvement in network closure, point-to-line ratio, and network connectivity. The robustness under deliberate and random attack patterns showed a varying degree of decline. In scenario one, the ecological network exhibited better buffering capabilities and stronger stability, indicating that the optimization strategy of restoring barriers to facilitate potential corridor connectivity was the most effective in enhancing the connectivity and stability of the protected area network. Constructing an ecological network for natural protected areas and proposing optimization strategies can address issues, such as the isolation of natural protected areas. This could provide scientific support for maintaining biodiversity and promoting sustainable development in Hexi Corridor, and serve as a reference for natural reserve planning and ecological restoration planning in national territory.
    Impacts of human disturbances on the supply and demand of ecosystem services in the middle reaches of Yangtze River urban agglomeration across multiple scales
    ZHONG Faming, CHEN Zhu’an
    2025, 36(1):  271-283.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202412.022
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    Understanding the impacts of human activities on the supply and demand of ecosystem services can lay a solid foundation for reducing environmental damage in ecologically valuable areas and is thus of great significance for regional sustainable development. We focused on the middle reaches of Yangtze River urban agglomeration and evaluated six key human pressure indicators: population density, gross domestic product (GDP), land use type, traffic network, energy consumption, and building height. Using multi-source data, including land use, meteorology, and socioeconomic information, and applying various ecological models such as InVEST, we quantified and spatially characterized the supply and demand of four ecosystem services: carbon storage, water yield, soil conservation, and grain production. We used structural equation model to analyze the relationship between human distur-bance and the supply and demand of different ecosystem services, aiming to explore the impacts of different human disturbances on the supply and demand of ecosystem services across various spatial scales. The results showed that the spatial distribution characteristics of different human disturbances varied significantly. Population density, GDP, and transportation network exhibited high levels of disturbance in densely populated areas, while land use, energy consumption, and building height had greater impacts in the core cities of the urban agglomeration. Ecosystem services in urban areas were at a state of undersupply, whereas non-urban areas experienced oversupply, with this imbalance being intensified with increasing spatial scales. The magnitudes of the impacts of human disturbances on ecosystem service supply and demand also varied across scales. At the grid scale, local land use and vegetation cover were the primary and direct drivers, while at the county and larger scales, socioeconomic factors, regional policies, and climate change exerted a combined influence. Population density, economic development, and land use were the main factors affecting the supply-demand relationship of ecosystem services. The feedback mechanisms and cumulative effects of multiple human disturbances directly exacerbated ecosystem service degradation. These findings would provide scientific guidance for policy formulation aimed at balancing ecological protection with human activities.
    Response of phosphate solubilizing bacteria in the rhizosphere of moso bamboo to phosphorus addition
    ZHANG Qing, XIANG Chunzhu, TIAN Jiayi, JIANG Mingjun, FANG Cuilian, LI Quan, CAO Tingting, SONG Xinzhang
    2025, 36(1):  284-292.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202501.036
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    Moso bamboo forests are mainly distributed in subtropical regions characterized by phosphorus (P) deficiency. Moso bamboo exhibits a natural age structure of culms and a unique ‘dual root system’ of shoot roots and rhizome roots. Exploiting phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) in the rhizosphere and their responses to P addition is essential for improving productivity and ecological functions of moso bamboo. We investigated the effect of P addition on the number and activity of PSM from the rhizosphere of shoot roots (1 year and 3 years) and rhizome roots across three levels of P addition (control: CK, 0 kg P·hm-2·a-1, low P: LP, 50 kg P·hm-2·a-1, high P: HP, 100 kg P·hm-2·a-1). We utilized the microporous plate high-throughput screening method to isolate PSM. A total of 125 strains were isolated from the rhizosphere, with 96.8% of the isolates belonging to Proteobacteria phylum. The main genus were Brucella and Burkholderia. The roots of 3-year-old bamboo (SⅢ) showed the highest number of PSM (52 strains), with the phosphorus solubilization activity of 171.24 mg·L-1, which was 1.5 and 1.4 times of that in 1-year-old shoot roots (SⅠ) and rhizome roots, respectively. Compared with CK, both the number and activity of PSM in SⅠ decreased in LP, while the number of PSM remained unchanged but the activity increased in HP. The number of PSM in SⅢ and rhizome roots decreased in LP, whereas the activity increased. Both the number and activity of PSM increased in HP. The activity of PSM was significantly positively correlated with soil total P content, pH, and microbial biomass P. Overall, the SⅢ demonstrated a higher number and activity of PSM compared to the SⅠ and rhizome, with positive response to P addition. We recommended to apply P fertilizer to the rhizosphere of 3-year-old shoot to maximize the microbial activity for P solubilizing in the intensive management of moso bamboo forests.
    Population characteristics of a rare cladocerans, Bunops scutifrons
    CHEN Guozhu
    2025, 36(1):  293-302.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202501.032
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    Rare species may exhibit some characteristics, such as a narrow distribution area and a specialization of habitat utilization. These characteristics may provide crucial information about the underlying mechanisms of species endangerment. Bunops scutfrons, a rare cladocera, has received more and more attention due to its rarity. Understanding the causes of its rarity could advance ecological theory. This species has only been recorded in four samples in China, with limited taxonomic descriptions. Its key biological and ecological characteristics remain largely unknown. Live specimens of B. scutfrons were firstly collected from the Dianchi Lake Basin during a systematic clado-ceran survey in 2022. Through successful propagation, sufficient individuals were available, allowing for an investigation into population structure, reproductive capacity, and population dynamics of this species. I carried out observations in 2022 and 2023. B. scutfrons was a small cladoceran (body length: 0.30-1.15 mm), with sexual maturation at a small size (0.52 mm). Notably, no male individuals were detected in the population. In 2022, the fecundity of the outdoor population (summer eggs) was (2.2±1.4) eggs·ind-1 (n=334, max=8 eggs·ind-1), which increased to (4.8±2.8) eggs·ind-1(n=94, max=13 eggs·ind-1) in 2023. During the reproduction of winter eggs, two eggs were produced per ephippium. In life table experiment, individuals were fed with mixed algal solution (Chlorella spp.). The maximum number of reproductive instars in the first (F1) and second (F2) generation was 8 and 7, respectively. The total reproductive rate was 30.3 eggs·ind-1 and 9.4 eggs·ind-1, respectively, with maximum lifespans of 21 and 16 days, and intrinsic growth rates of 0.37 and 0.36. When cultured in a mud slurry medium, the maximum reproductive instars for both the F1 and F2 generations was 8, with a total reproductive rate of 40.3 and 36.1 eggs·ind-1, respectively. The lifespan extended to 28 and 27 days, with intrinsic growth rates of 0.31 and 0.30, respectively. Under suitable conditions, the population of B. scutfrons grew rapidly, with an instantaneous growth rate of 0.39 per day. By the 10th day, population size increased 50-fold, reaching a relative density of 510 ind·L-1, and the population entered a plateau phase. In the natural environment, however, the relative abundance remained extremely low. In 2022, the population disappeared during the dry season, while in 2023, it vanished completely from the observation area during the flood season. These findings suggested that B. scutfrons exhibits a relatively long lifespan, high reproductive capacity, and strong potential for population growth under favorable conditions. Compared to many common species, B. scutfrons does not show significant disadvantages in its fundamental biological or population ecological traits. Its rarity in natural environments is likely due to its susceptibility to environmental pressures rather than intrinsic biological limitations.
    Assessing macroalgae composition in surface sediments of the Ma’an Archipelago seaweed field based on eDNA technology
    ZOU Qiao, WANG Kai, WANG Yuqing
    2025, 36(1):  303-310.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202501.035
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    Macroalgae contribute to the seafloor sediments as detritus when they die or detach. Tracking the distribution of macroalgae is crucial to understanding their contribution to seafloor sediments. To assess species composition and distribution of macroalgae in sediments, we used environmental DNA (eDNA) technology to analyze surface sediments from four typical island waters, including Ma’an Archipelago Special Marine Protected Area, eas-tern Lyuhua (DLH), western Lyuhua (XLH), Mantou Mountain (MTS), and Mandui Mountain (MDS). A total of 18 orders of macroalgae were recorded in the sediment samples, including 13 orders, 21 families, and 23 genera of red algae species and 5 orders, 5 families, and 5 genera of brown algae species. At the family level, Corallinaceae, Hapalidiaceae, Dictyotaceae, and Sargassaceae were the dominant ones. The number of OTU sequences of macroalgae accounted for 37.2% of the total in the sediment samples. Results of non-metric multidimensional sca-ling sorting (NMDS) and analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) showed that the composition of macroalgae was consis-tent across different areas. The results indicated that red algae were the dominant algae in the sediments, consistent with the distribution characteristics of seaweeds. eDNA technology was feasible for analyzing the composition of macroalgae in sediments, providing valuable data for monitoring macroalgal diversity and supporting the ecological ma-nagement of seaweed farm protection.
    Prediction analysis of seasonal distribution and population migration corridor of Balaenoptera acutorostrata
    XING Yankuo, LU Zhichuang, DU Jing, GAO Xianggang, WANG Zhen, TIAN Jiashen
    2025, 36(1):  311-317.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202501.034
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    Balaenoptera acutorostrata, as a first-class protected animal in China, is listed in the IUCN catalogue and the CITES appendix. They migrate in various sea areas around the world. Driven by environmental change and human activities, it has become one of the most endangered taxa globally. To further understand the distribution and migratory corridors of B. acutorostrata, we assessed their suitable habitats by establishing a seasonal species combining distribution model based on utilized data records and seven environmental variables, as well as their seasonal migration corridor by circuit connectivity theory and least-cost path analysis. The results showed that the established seasonal distribution model performed well. There were significant differences in the seasonal distribution of B. acutorostrata, with an overall trend of shifting towards higher latitudes in spring and summer, and towards lower latitudes in autumn and winter. Temperature and sea depth were important factors affecting the seasonal distribution of B. acutorostrata. The migration corridor showed strong seasonality, mainly located in shallow coastal waters. There were multiple migration corridors in different seasons to connect suitable habitats. This study demonstrated the feasibility of using species distribution models and connectivity analysis to predict the migratory corridors of marine animals, which could provide essential knowledge for adaptive conservation and management strategies of B. acutorostrata.
    Reviews
    Progress on the role of olfaction in maternal recognition and its signaling mechanism in sheep
    WANG Hui, WANG Yueshang, HAN Chengquan, HU Xiyi, YANG Yan, LYU Shenjin
    2025, 36(1):  318-326.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202501.033
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    Maternal behavior of domestic animals refers to the behaviors related to delivery and rearing of offspring, including nesting, delivery, grooming, recognition, lactation, rearing and protection of the young. These behaviors can provide rich social experience and survival skills for young, which are important for the continuation of species and population stability. Maternal recognition of the young is the first step in the initiation of maternal behaviors, such as lactation, nurturing, and protection. Ewes can quickly and exclusively recognize their lambs after giving birth and establish a strong mother-young bond. The 4-6 h period after delivery is particularly important because it is the critical period for ewes to recognize their lambs, in which olfaction plays a key role. The main olfactory system, which consists of the olfactory mucosa and the main olfactory bulb, and the accessory olfactory system, which consists of the vomeronasal organ and the accessory olfactory bulb, can mediate ewes’ recognition and memory of lamb odors. A systematic summary of the olfactory signaling mechanisms is lacking. Given that the high mortality rate of lactating lambs due to poor maternal behavior is a challenge in the farming industry, a systematic review and summary of the role of olfaction in maternal recognition in sheep is particularly important for improving maternal behavior and lamb survival. Here, we reviewed the role of olfaction in maternal recognition in sheep, as well as the structures and functions involved in maternal recognition of the main and accessory olfactory systems. The cAMP signaling pathway mediated by G protein (Golf)-AC3-cAMP and the IP3 signaling pathway mediated by (OTR)-Gq-PLC-IP3 have been considered as the main pathways involved in olfactory signaling in the main olfactory system. The olfactory signaling function in the accessory olfactory system is mediated by the Gαi2/Gαo -PLC-IP3/DAG pathway. It would offer a theoretical reference for further understanding of the olfactory signal transduction mechanism of maternal recognition and maternal behavior improvement strategies.