Abstract: By using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technique, an investigation was made on the genetic diversity and genetic differentiation of seven wild populations of Rhododendron concinnum in Qinling Mountains of Northwest China．A total of 182 amplification products were generated from three AFLP selective primer combinations, of which, 151 were polymorphic．The percentage of polymorphism was 83.1%. The change trends showed by the percentage of polymorphic loci (PPL), Nei’s gene diversity (h), and Shannon’s information index (I) were uniform, and the order of the populations was Meixian > Zhashui > Zhen’an > Huxian > Ningqiang > Nanzheng > Zhouzhi. The POPGENE analysis showed that the R.concinnum had higher genetic diversity at both species level (PPL=91.22%，I=0.7217，h=0.5095) and population level (PPL=77.56%，I=0.6409，h=0.4725). The coefficient of gene differentiation among the populations (G_st) was 0.0726, indicating that 92.74% of genetic variation occurred within the populations. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that 85.3% of the genetic variation was within the populations, and 14.7% of it was among the populations. The unweighted pair group method with rithmeticmean (UPGMA) indicated that there was no significant correlation between the genetic distance and the geographic distance among the R. concinnum populations. The conservation strategies for R. concinnum germplasm resources were put forward.