化肥减量配施有机肥对棉田土壤微生物生物量、酶活性和棉花产量的影响

doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202001.022

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 在甘肃河西走廊棉区进行连续3年的定位施肥试验,研究了化肥减量20%～40%并配施不同有机肥对棉田土壤微生物生物量、酶活性和棉花产量的影响。结果表明:与单施化肥相比,化肥减量配施有机肥能显著提高土壤细菌和放线菌数量,降低土壤真菌数量,化肥减量配施普通有机肥加生物有机肥(COBF₂)处理土壤细菌最多,较单施化肥(CF)在棉花蕾期、铃期和吐絮期分别提高了84.6%、57.1%和43.5%,化肥减量配施生物有机肥(CBF₂)处理放线菌数量最多,较CF在棉花蕾期、铃期和吐絮期分别提高了28.2%、32.7%和32.2%,CBF₂土壤真菌数量最低,较CF在棉花蕾期、铃期和吐絮期分别降低了35.8%、29.3%和13.4%。化肥减量配施有机肥提高了土壤细菌/真菌、放线菌/真菌和脲酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶活性,其中COBF₂对酶活性的提升最有效。化肥减量配施有机肥提高了棉花单株铃数,对棉花长势、地上干物质积累有一定的促进作用,COBF₂棉花产量最高,籽棉和皮棉产量分别较CF提高了14.2%和10.9%,增产显著。综合分析土壤微生物生物量、酶活性和棉花产量,COBF₂处理,即化肥减量40%配施1800 kg·hm^-2普通有机肥和600 kg·hm^-2生物有机肥效果最佳。

Abstract: The effects of 20%-40% fertilizer reduction and different organic fertilizers on soil microbial biomass, enzyme activity and cotton yield were examined for three consecutive years in Hexi area of Gansu, Northwest China. The results showed that compared with single chemical fertilizer application, the abundance of soil bacteria and actinomycetes were significantly increased while that of fungi were decreased with chemical fertilizer reduction combined with organic fertilizer. The abundance of soil bacteria was maximum under the treatment of chemical fertilizer reduction combined with common organic fertilizer and bio-organic fertilizer (COBF₂), which was 84.6%, 57.1% and 43.5% higher than that under single application of chemical fertilizer (CF) in the bud stage, boll stage and boll open stage, while the abundance of actinomycetes was maximum under the chemical fertilizer reduction combined with common bio-organic fertilizer (CBF₂), which was 28.2%, 32.7% and 32.2% higher than CF. The abundance of fungi was the lowest in the CBF₂ treatment, which was 35.8%, 29.3%and 13.4% lower than CF treatment in three periods. The ratios of bacteria to fungi, actinomycetes to fungi and the activity of soil urease, catalase, sucrase and alkaline phosphatase were increased by the chemical fertilizer reduction combined with organic fertilizer. COBF₂ was the most effective way to improve enzyme activity. Fertilizer reduction combined with the application of organic fertilizer increased boll number per individual of cotton plant, promoted cotton growth and dry matter accumulation in the ground to a certain extent. The cotton yield under COBF₂ treatment was the highest, which showed an significant increase of 14.2% and 10.9% respectively in seed and lint cotton yield than CF. Our results showed that COBF₂, with 60% reduction of chemical fertilizer combined with 1800 kg·hm^-2 ordinary organic fertilizer and 600 kg·hm^-2 biological organic fertilizer, had the best fertilization effect.

王宁, 南宏宇, 冯克云. 化肥减量配施有机肥对棉田土壤微生物生物量、酶活性和棉花产量的影响[J]. 应用生态学报, 2020, 31(1): 173-181.

WANG Ning, NAN Hong-yu, FENG Ke-yun. Effects of reduced chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer application on soil microbial biomass, enzyme activity and cotton yield[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2020, 31(1): 173-181.

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