A landscape ecological approach for urban non-point source pollution control

Abstract

Abstract: Urban non-point source pollution is a new problem appeared with the speeding development of urbanization.The particularity of urban land use and the increase of impervious surface area make urban non-point source pollution differ from agricultural non-point source pollution,and more difficult to control.Best Management Practices (BMPs) are the effective practices commonly applied in controlling urban non-point source pollution,mainly adopting local repairing practices to control the pollutants in surface runoff.Because of the close relationship between urban land use patterns and non-point source pollution,it would be rational to combine the landscape ecological planning with local BMPs to control the urban non-point source pollution,which needs,firstly,analyzing and evaluating the influence of landscape structure on water-bodies,pollution sources and pollutant removal processes to define the relationships between landscape spatial pattern and non-point source pollution and to decide the key polluted fields,and secondly,adjusting inherent landscape structures or/and joining new landscape factors to form new landscape pattern,and combining landscape planning and management through applying BMPs into planning to improve urban landscape heterogeneity and to control urban non-point source pollution.

Key words: Urban non-point source pollution, Landscape pattern, Best Management Practices, Landscape ecological planning

CLC Number:

Q149

References

[1] Arheimer B, Torstensson G, Wittgren HB. 2003. Landscape planning to reduce coastal eutrophication:Agricultural practices and constructed wetlands. Landscape Urban Plan, 1019:1 ～11
[2] Bao Q-S(鲍全盛), Wang H-D(王华东). 1996. The research and prospect on nonpoint source pollution of water environment in China. Sci Geogr Sin(地理科学), 16(1) :66～72(in Chinese)
[3] Barr Engineering Company. 2001. BMPs in Series. In:Barr Engineering Co. Urban Small Sites Best Management Practice ManualStormwater BMPs for Cold Climates. Minnesota:Minnesota Council Environmental Services. 3221～3226
[4] Beasley DB. 1982. Applying distributed parameter modeling techniques to watershed hydrology and nonpoint source pollution. Model Simulat, 4:1453～1462
[5] Boers PCM. 1996. Nutrient emissions from agriculture in the Netherlands:Causes and remedies. Water Sci Technol, 33(3) :22～25
[6] Carleton JN, Grizzard TJ, Godrej AN, et al. 2001. Factors affecting the performance of stormwater treatment wetlands. Water Res, 35(6):1552～1562
[7] Chandler RD. 1994. Estimating annual urban nonpoint pollutant loads. J Man Eng, 10(6) :50～59
[8] Che S-Q(车生泉). 2003. Landscape Structure Analysis and Ecological Planning on Urban Green Spaces:A Case Study in Shanghai.Nanjing:South-East University Press. 15 ～22 (in Chinese)
[9] Chen L-D(陈顶), Fu B-J(傅伯杰). 2000. Farm ecosystem management and control of nonpoint source pollution. Environ Sci (环境科学), 21 (2):98～100 (in Chinese)
[10] Chen L-D(陈利顶), Fu B-J(傅伯杰), Zhang S-R(张淑荣), et al.2002. Comparative study on the dynamics of non-point source pollution in a heterogeneous landscape. Acta Ecol Sin (生态学报), 22(6) :808～816(in Chinese)
[11] Chen L-D(陈利顶), Fu B-J(傅伯杰), Xu J-Y(徐建英), et al.2003. Location-weighted landscape contrast index:A scale independent approach for landscape pattern evaluation based on "Source-Sink" ecological processes. Acta Ecol Sin (生态学报), 23(11):2406～2413(in Chinese)
[12] Corbett CW, Matthew W Dwayne EP, et al. 1997. Nonpoint source runoff modeling:A comparison of a forested watershed and an urban watershed on the South Carolina coast. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol, 213:133 ～149
[13] Erickson DL. 2004. The relationship of historic city form and contemporary greenway implementation:A comparison of Milwaukee,Wisconsin (USA) and Ottawa, Ontario(Canada). Landscape Urban Plan,68:199～211
[14] Flores A, Pickett STA, Zipperer WC, et al. 1998. Adopting a modern ecological view of the metropolitan landscape:The case of a greenspace system for the New York City region. Landscape Urban Plan, 39:295 ～308
[15] Foo TS. 2001. Planning and design of Tampines, an award-winning high-rise, high density township in Singapore. Cities, 18 (1):33 ～42
[16] Forman RT. 1995. Land Mosaics:The Ecology of Landscapes and Regions. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press. 435～524
[17] Forney W, Lora R, Kenneth DA, et al. 2001. Land Use Change and Effects on Water Quality and Ecosystem Health in the Lake Tahoe Basin, Nevada and California. USGS. Open-File Report. 01 ～418
[18] Fu B-J(傅伯杰). 1995. The spatial pattern analysis of agricultural landscape in the Loess area. Acta Ecol Sin (生态学报), 15(2):113～120(in Chinese)
[19] Gao C(高超),ZhuJ-Y(朱继业),DouY-J(窦贻俭),et al.2004. Landscape management practices for the control of non-point source pollution:Methods and principals. Acta Ecol Sin (生态学报), 24 (1):109 ～116 (in Chinese)
[20] Gong Y(宫莹), Ruan X-H(阮晓红), Hu X-D(胡晓东).2003.Advances of urban surface water nonpoint source pollution in China.Chin Water Wastewater(中国给水排水), 19(3):21～23(in Chinese)
[21] Grossmann WD. 1983. Systems approaches toward complex systems. In:Colloque International MAB 6 Les Alpes Modele et Synthese, Pays-D' Enhaut, 1 ～3 Junin. 2557
[22] Haber W. 1990. Using landscape ecology in planning and management. In:Zonneveld IS, Forman TT, eds. Changing Landscapes:An Ecological Perspective. New York:Springer-Verlag. 217 ～232
[23] Hairston JE, Stribling L. 1995. The urban environment and NPS pollution:Best management practices for construction activities. In:Water Quality and Pollution Control Handbook. Alabama:Auburn University. 4741 ～4743
[24] He C-S(贺缠生), Fu B-J(傅伯杰), Chen L-D(陈利顶). 1998.Nonpoint source pollution control and management. Environ Sci (环境科学), 19(5) :87～94(in Chinese)
[25] Hobbs R. 1997. Future landscapes and the future of landscape ecology. Landscape Urban Plan,37:1～9
[26] Huang S-F(黄沈法), Gu Y-Z(顾友直), Chen C-H(陈长虹).1998. Study on nonpoint source pollution control in the Huangpu River Basin. Shanghai Environ Sci (上海环境科学), 17(1):18～20(in Chinese)
[27] Jia B-Q(贾宝全), Yang J-Q(杨洁泉). 2000. A review of landscape planning. Arid Zone Res (干旱区研究), 17 (2):70 ～77 (in Chinese)
[28] Jim CY, Chen SS. 2003. Comprehensive greenspace planning based on landscape ecology principles in compact Nanjing City, China.Landscape Urban Plan, 65:95～116
[29] Kaplan JD, Howitt RE, Farzin YH. 2003. An information-theoretical analysis of budget-constrained nonpoint source pollution control.J Environ Econom Man, 46:106～130
[30] Knisel WG. 1982. CREAMS:A field-scale model for chemicals,runoff, and erosion from agricultural management systems. Model Simulation, 4:1555～1559
[31] Kronvang B, et al. 1996. Diffuse nutrient losses denmark. Water Sci Technol, 33 (1) :51 ～54
[32] Leon LF, Soulis ED, Kouwen N, et al. 2001. Nonpoint source pollution:A distributed water quality modeling approach. Water Reserv,35(4):997～1007
[33] Li T-S(李团胜),Shi T-M(石钱矛). 1998.On ecological planning of urban landscape. Chin J Ecol (生态学杂志), 17 (5):63 ～67 (in Chinese)
[34] Liang T(梁涛),Wang H(王浩),Zhang X-M(张秀梅),et al.2003. Transportation processes and rates of heavy metals in an artificial rainstorm runoff under different land use types. Chin J Appl Ecol (应用生态学报), 14(10).. 1756 ～1760(in Chinese)
[35] Mcharg IL. 1992. Trans. Rui J-W(黄经纬). 1992. Design with Nature. Beijing:China Architectural & Building Press. (in Chinese)
[36] Odum EP. 1969. The strategy of ecosystem development. Science,164:262 ～279
[37] Ouyang Z-Y(欧阳志云), Wang R-S(王如松). 1995. The review and prospect ecological planning. J Nat Resour (自然资源学报), 10(3) :203 ～215(in Chinese)
[38] Rena WW, Zhong Y, Meligrana J, et al. 2003. Urbanization, land use, and water quality in Shanghai 1947～1996. Environ Inter, 29:649 ～659
[39] Romstad E. 2003. Team approaches in reducing nonpoint source pollution. Ecol Econ, 47:71 ～78
[40] Schrijnen PM. 2000. Infrastructure networks and red-green patterns in city regions. Landscape Urban Plan, 48:191 ～204
[41] Shi W-G(施为光). 1993. Approach to the model of long period pollution load of urban runoff. Urban Environ Urban Ecol (城市环境与城市生态), 6(2) :6～10(in Chinese)
[42] Taylor S. 2000. Overview of Conventional Stormwater Runoff Water Quality BMP Characteristics and Performance. Stormwater Runoff Water Quality Sci Eng Newsletter, 3(2):1 ～8
[43] van Lier HN. 1998. The role of land use planning in sustainable rural systems. Landscape Urban Planning, 41:83～91
[44] Vester F, Hasler A. 1980. Ecology and planning in metropolitan areas. Regional Planungs-gemeinschaft Untermaion. Frankfurt and Main.
[45] WangJ(王军),FuB-J(傅伯杰),ChenL-D(陈利顶).1999.The principle and methodology of landscape eco-planning. Resour SCi (资源科学), 21(2) :71 ～76(in Chinese)
[46] Wu Z-F(吴志峰), Wang J-Z(王继增), Zhou M-N(卓慕宁), et al.2004. Spatial distribution and landscape ecological impact degree assessment of quarry in Zhuhai City. Chin J Appl Ecol(应用生态学报), 15(2) :283 ～286(in Chinese)
[47] Yin C-Q(尹澄清), Mao Z-P(毛战坡). 2002. Nonpoint pollution control for rural areas of China with ecological engineering technologies. Chin J Appl Ecol(应用生态学报), 13(2) :229～232(in Chinese)
[48] Young RA, et al. 1989. AGNPS:A nonpoint-source pollution model for evaluating agricultural watersheds. J Soil Water Cons, 2:168173
[49] Yu K-J(俞孔坚). 1998. Landscape:Civilization, Ecology and Feeling. Beijing:Science Press. 147～167(in Chinese)
[50] Zhang S-L(张水龙), Zhuang J-P(庄季屏). 1998. Current situation and development tendency of research of non-point source pollution in agriculture. Chin J Ecol(生态学杂志), 17(6):51 ～55(in Chinese)
[51] Zhang S-Y(臧淑英), Wan L-H(万鲁河), Zhou D-W(周道玮).2004. Landscape ecological assessment and planning in the watershed of Erlong Mountain reservoir in Heilongjiang Province. Chin J Appl Ecol(应用生态学报), 14(4) :540～544(in Chinese)
[52] Zheng Y (郑一), Wang X-J (王学军). 2002. Advances and prospects for nonpoint source pollution studies. Adv Water Sci (水科学进展), 13(1):105～110(in Chinese)