Applied ecology:Retrospect and prospect

Abstract

Abstract: Applied ecology is evolved into a principal part of modern ecology that rapidly develops.The major stimulus for the development of applied ecology roots in seeking the solutions for the problems of human populations,resources and environments.Through four decades,the science of applied ecology has been becoming a huge group of disciplines.The future for the applied ecology should concern more with human-influenced and managed ecosystems,and acknowledge humans as the components of ecosystems.Nowadays and in future,the top-priorities in applied ecology should include following fields:sustainable ecosystems and biosphere,ecosystem services and ecological design,ecological assessment of genetically modified organisms,ecology of biological invasions,epidemical ecology,ecological forecasting,ecological process and its control.The authors believe that the comprehensive and active research hotspots coupled some new traits would occur around these fields in foreseeable future.

Key words: Applied ecology, Ecosystem management, Biosphere, Ecological process, Sustainable development

CLC Number:

X171

HE Xingyuan, ZENG Dehui. Applied ecology:Retrospect and prospect[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2004, (10): 1691-1697.

References

[1] Ambasht RS & Ambasht NK. 2003. Modem Trends in Applied Aquatic Ecology. New York:Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
[2] Beeby A. 1993. Applying Ecology. London: Chapman & Hall.
[3] Bonny S. 2003. Why are most Europeans opposed to GMOs? Factors explaining rejection in France and Europe. Elect J Biotechnol, 6 (1):50～71
[4] Bramwell A. 1989. Ecology in the 20th Century: A History. New Haven: Yale University Press.
[5] Bunting AH & Wynne-Edwards VC. 1964. Editorial. J Appl Ecol,1:1～2
[6] Christensen NL, Bartuska AM, Brown JH, et al. 1996. The report of the Ecological Society of America Committee on the scientific basis for ecosystem management. Ecol Appl, 6: 665 ～ 691
[7] Clark JS, Carpenter SR, Barber M, et al. 2001. Ecological forecasts: An emerging imperative. Science, 293: 657 ～ 660
[8] Colwell R. 1996. Global climate and infectious disease: The cholera paradigm. Science, 274: 2025 ～ 2031
[9] Costanza R, d' Arge R, de Groot R, et al. 1997. The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature, 387:253～260
[10] Daily G. 1995. Restoring value to the world' s degraded lands. Science, 269: 350～ 354
[11] Davis DE. 1957.Applied ecology of rots and mice. Ecology, 38:177
[12] De Santo RS. 1978. Concepts of Applied Ecology. New York and Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
[13] Dobson AP, Bradshaw AD & Baker AJM. 1997. Hopes for the future: Restoration ecology and conservation biology. Science, 277:515～522
[14] Golley FB. 2001. Conversaciones con Ramón:Big questions for the millennium. Sci Mar, 65 ( suppl. 2): 73 ～ 84
[15] Gray AJ. 2004. Ecology and government policies: the GM crop debate. J Appl Ecol, 41:1 ～ 10
[16] He X-Y ( 何兴元 ). ed. 2004. Applied Ecology. Beijing: Science Press. (in Chinese)
[17] Hinckley AD. 1976. Applied Ecology: A Nontechnical Approach.New York: MacMillan.
[18] Hof JG & Bevers M. 2002. Spatial Optimization in Ecological Applications. New York: Columbia University Press.
[19] Hu T(胡涛). 1990. Man' s niche in ecosystem: regular-controller. Chin J Appl Ecol (应用生态学报 ), 1 (4): 378 ～ 384 (in Chinese)
[20] Jager HI & Gross LJ. 2000. Spatial control: The final frontier in applied ecology. Ecology, 81:1473～ 1474
[21] Kolar CS & Lodge DM. 2002. Ecological predictions and risk assessment for alien fishes in North America. Science, 298: 1233～1236
[22] Laurance WF. 2001. Future shock: Forecasting a grim fate for the Earth. Trends Ecol E vol, 16: 531 ～ 533
[23] Levin SA. 1991. Editorial. Ecol Appl, 1:1
[24] Lindeman RL. 1942. The trophic-dynamic aspect of ecology. Ecology, 23:399～418
[25] Lonsdale WM. 1999. Global patterns of plant invasions and the concept of invisibility. Ecology, 80:1522～ 1536
[26] Lubchenco J, Olson AM, Brubaker LB, et al. 1991. The sustainable biosphere initiative: An ecological research agenda. Ecology, 72: 371～412
[27] Lutz HJ, Castello DF, Hickie P, et al. 1957. Symposium on applications of ecology. Ecology, 38: 46～ 64
[28] McMichael AJ, Butler CD, Folke C. 2003. New visions for addressing sustainability. Science, 302:1919 ～ 1920
[29] McPherson GR & DeStefano S. 2003. Applied Ecology and Natural Resource Management. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
[30] National Invasive Species Council. 2001. Meeting the Invasive Species Challenge: The National Invasive Species Management Plan. Washington, DC. 80pp.
[31] Newman El. 1993. Applied Ecology. Oxford: Blackwell Science.
[32] Newman EI. 2000. Applied Ecology and Environmental Management(2nd ed. ). Oxford:Blackwell Science.
[33] Odum EP. 1953. Fundamentals of Ecology. Philadelphia: W. B.Saunders Company.
[34] Odum EP. 1971. Fundamentals of Ecology(3rd ed. ). Philadelphia:W. B. Saunders Company.
[35] Odum EP. 1986. Introductory review: Perspective of ecosystem theory and application. In: Polunin N ed. Ecosystem Theory and Application. Chichester: Wiley and Sons. 1 ～ 11
[36] Olson MH. 1998. Questions and answers at the interface of basic and applied ecology. Trends Ecol Evol, 13: 469
[37] Ormerod SJ & Watkinson AR. 2000. The age of applied ecology. J Appl Ecol, 37:1 ～ 2
[38] Palmer M, Bernhardt E, Chornesky E, et al. 2004. Ecology for a crowded planet. Science, 304:1251 ～ 1252
[39] Peterson G, Cunningham S, Deutsch L, et al. 2000. The risks and benefits of genetically modified crops: A multidisciplinary perspective. Conser Ecol, 4(1): 13 [ online] URL: http://www. consecol.org/vol4/issl/artl3
[40] Qaim M & Zilberman D. 2003. Yield effects of genetically modified crops in developing countries. Science, 299: 900 ～ 902
[41] Ramade F. 1974.Elménts D'écologie Appliquée. Paris:Ediscience. 522 p.
[42] Schimel D. 2003. Editorial. Ecol Appl, 13:1
[43] Shen S-M(沈善敏). 1990. Current situation of applied ecology and its development. Chin J Appl Ecol ( 应用生态学报 ), 1 ( 1 ) : 2 ～ 9 (in Chinese)
[44] Shen S-M(沈善敏). 1994. The developing applied ecology. China Science Newspape(中国科学报), October 28, 1994. (in Chinese)
[45] Smith RL. 1977. Elements of Ecology and Field Biology. New York: Harper & Row.
[46] Tilman D, Farglione J, Wolff B, et al. 2001. Forecasting agriculturally-driven global environmental change. Science, 292 : 281 ～ 284
[47] Vitousek PM, D' Antonio CM, Loope LL, et al. 1996. Biological invasions as global environmental change. Am Sci, 84: 468～ 478
[48] Vitousek PM, Mooney HA, Lubchenco J, et al. 1997. Human domination of earth' s ecosystems. Science, 277: 494 ～ 499
[49] Watkinson AR, Freckleton RP, Robinson RA, et al. 2000. Predictions of biodiversity response to genetically modified herbicide-tolerant crops. Science, 289:1154 ～ 1157
[50] Zeng D-H(曾德慧), Jiang F-Q(姜凤岐), Fan Z-P(范志平), et al. 2002. Ecological forecasting: A frontier in ecology. Chin J Appl Ecol ( 应用生态学报), 13(12): 1695 ～ 1698(in Chinese)
[51] Zhou Q-X(周启星), Sun S-J(孙顺江). 2002. International trends of applied ecology and its future development in China. Chin J Appl Ecol ( 应用生态学报 ), 13 (7): 879 ～ 884 (in Chinese)