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Advances in the research of transformation and stabilization of soil organic carbon from plant and microbe YANG Yang, WANG Baorong, DOU Yanxing, XUE Zhijing, SUN Hui, WANG Yunqiang, LIANG Chao, AN Shaoshan Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology    2024, 35 (1): 111-123.   DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202401.011 Abstract （1393）      PDF（pc） （2449KB）（760）       Knowledge map    Save Soil organic carbon (SOC) is the core component of terrestrial carbon (C) sink. Exploring the transformation and stabilization mechanism of SOC is key to understand the function of terrestrial C sink which copes with climate change. The traditional perspective is that plant residues are the initial source of SOC. The new concept of “soil microbial C pump” emphasizes that the synthesized products of soil microbial assimilation are important contributors to the stable SOC. This provides a new insight to the sequestration mechanism of SOC. Due to the complex and variable decomposition process of plant residues and the high heterogeneity of microbial residues, the transformation and stabilization mechanism of plant residues and microbial residues into SOC is still unclear. We reviewed research progress in plant and microbial residues, and introduced the characterization methods of quantification and transformation of plant residues and microbial residues, and also summarized the new findings on the transformation of plant and microbial residues into SOC. We further discussed the contribution and driving factors of microbial and plant-derived C to SOC. Finally, we prospected the future development direction and research focus in this field. This review would provide the scientific reference for the research of soil C sequestration in terrestrial ecosystem. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Soil microbial carbon pump conceptual framework 2.0 ZHU Xuefeng, KONG Weidong, HUANG Yimei, XIAO Keqing, LUO Yu, AN Shaoshan, LIANG Chao Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology    2024, 35 (1): 102-110.   DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202401.018 Abstract （870）      PDF（pc） （892KB）（480）       Knowledge map    Save Microorganisms are essential actors in the biogeochemical cycling of elements within terrestrial ecosystems, with significant influences on soil health, food security, and global climate change. The contribution of microbial anabolism-induced organic compounds is a non-negligible factor in the processes associated with soil carbon (C) storage and organic matter preservation. In recent years, the conceptual framework of soil microbial carbon pump (MCP), with a focus on microbial metabolism and necromass generation process, has gained widespread attention. It primarily describes the processes of soil organic C formation and stabilization driven by the metabolic activities of soil heterotrophic microorganisms, representing an important mechanism and a focal point in current research on terrestrial C sequestration. Here, we reviewed the progress in this field and introduced the soil MCP conceptual framework 2.0, which expands upon the existing MCP model by incorporating autotrophic microbial pathway for C sequestration and integrating the concept of soil mineral C pump. These advancements aimed to enrich and refine our understanding of microbial-mediated terrestrial ecosystem C cycling and sequestration mechanisms. This refined framework would provide theoretical support for achieving China's “dual carbon” goals. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Root distribution characteristics of monoculture and mixture of Pinus tabuliformis and Robinia pseudoacacia plantation. GUO Yu, YAO Jiafeng, DONG Yuan, YAN Jue, YANG Nan, FENG Yonghan, WEI Xi, LIANG Wenjun Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology    2023, 34 (11): 2881-2888.   DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202311.008 Abstract （653）      PDF（pc） （2816KB）（120）       Knowledge map    Save In this study, we analyzed the vertical distribution characteristics of root biomass density, root length density, root surface area density in monoculture and mixture of Pinus tabuliformis and Robinia pseudoacacia plantations in Caijiachuan small watershed of Jixian County, Shanxi. We examined their relationships with soil physical and chemical properties in different stand types. The results showed that the total root biomass density of P. tabuliformis and R. pseudoacacia in mixture was more than 75% higher than that in monoculture. Root system of P. tabuli-formis mainly distributed in shallow layer (0-40 cm), while that of R. pseudoacacia was deeper (40-80 cm). Fine roots were predominant in different diameter classes. Length density and surface area density of fine roots were in the order of R. pseudoacacia in mixture > P. tabuliformis in mixture > R. pseudoacacia stand > P. tabuliformis stand. Root biomass density of fine roots was in the order of P. tabuliformis in mixture ＞ R. pseudoacacia in mixture ＞ P. tabuliformis stand ＞ R. pseudoacacia stand. In vertical profile, the total root and fine root biomass, root length and root surface area density of P. tabuliformis stand, R. pseudoacacia stand, P. tabuliformis in mixture and R. pseudoacacia in mixture showed a rule of decreasing with the increases of soil depth. Under different stand types, fine root length density, root biomass density and total root length density were positively correlated with soil total nitrogen, soil organic carbon, and soil water contents. Total root surface area density was significantly positively correlated with soil organic carbon, soil water content, and soil total nitrogen. The distribution of roots in pure and mixed stands of P. tabuliformis and R. pseudoacacia showed different patterns. Compared with the pure stand, the mixed stand had higher root biomass, soil nutrient contents, and soil water content. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Carbon sink of forest ecosystems: Concept, time effect and improvement approaches ZHU Jiaojun, GAO Tian, YU Lizhong, YANG Kai, SUN Tao, LU Deliang, LIU Zhihua, CHU Yingdong, ZHANG Jinxin, TENG Dexiong, ZHU Yuan, SUN Yirong, WANG Xugao, WANG Gaofeng Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology    2024, 35 (9): 2313-2321.   DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202409.025 Abstract （650）      PDF（pc） （2007KB）（38）       Knowledge map    Save The widespread utilization of fossil fuels has emitted large amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere since the Industrial Revolution, leading to climate warming and frequent occurrence of extreme climate events. To effectively alleviate climate change, the international community has made various efforts to reduce carbon emissions and eliminate CO2 from the atmosphere. In 2020, the Chinese government announced that carbon emission peaking and carbon neutrality will be achieved by 2030 and 2060, respectively. According to the current forecast, by the time carbon neutrality is achieved in 2060, even under the minimum conditions of fossil energy use, production, and living emissions, China will still have to emit about 1/4 of the current total emissions. These carbon must primarily be absorbed by ecosystems. Furthermore, approximately 140 ppm increase in CO2 in the atmosphere since the Industrial Revolution still needs to be removed by ecosystems. Forests are the main component of terrestrial ecosystems, contributing more than 80% of the carbon sequestration capacity of all terrestrial ecosystems. However, due to the long periodicity, complexity and dynamic variability of forests, the basic concepts of ecosystem carbon sink and its time effect are still unclear, leading to problems, such as lacking technologies for improving carbon sink capacity and disorganized rules in the carbon sink trading market. In this review, we introduced carbon sink concept according to the processes of absorbing and fixing CO2 by plant photosynthesis in forest ecosystems. Then, we analyzed the processes of time-scale-dependent carbon sinks of forest ecosystems, discussed the time effects of forest carbon sinks, and suggested using “t-year” as the unit of carbon sink (taking 3-6 months as the minimum measurement time, i.e., the beginning of carbon sequestration). Third, we proposed the approaches to improve the carbon sink capacity of forest ecosystems. One way is to improve the carbon sink capacity (expanding forest area, improving forest quality, and increasing forest soil carbon storage) of forest ecosystems. Another approach is to maintain the carbon sink of forest ecosystems as long as possible, i.e., to reduce temporary carbon sink (definition: carbon in the forest ecosystems emit into the atmosphere for a certain period) and to increase persistent carbon sink (definition: carbon in the forest ecosystems no longer emit into the atmosphere for a certain period; according to the relevant provisions of the Paris Agreement, the upper time limit for carbon sink measurement can be considered to be the year 2100. In order to maintain the persistent carbon sink, strateges such as efficient use of wood products (replace steel, cement, plastic with wood), control of forest fires or other disturbances-induced emissions, and turning forest biomass into biochar should be taken. Finally, we proposed to develop climate-smart forestry driven by artificial intelligence (AI), which would provide new theoretical and technical support for improving the carbon sink of forest ecosystems and facilitating sustainable forest management. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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C, N, and P stoichiometry for leaf litter of 62 woody species in a subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest LI Aogui, CAI Shifeng, LUO Suzhen, WANG Xiaohong, CAO Lirong, WANG Xue, LIN Chengfang, CHEN Guangshui Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology    2023, 34 (5): 1153-1160.   DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202305.005 Abstract （634）      PDF（pc） （2137KB）（784）       Knowledge map    Save To understand leaf litter stoichiometry in a subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest, we measured the contents of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in leaf litters of 62 main woody species in a natural forest of C. kawakamii Nature Reserve in Sanming, Fujian Province. Differences in leaf litter stoichiometry were analyzed across leaf forms (evergreen, deciduous), life forms (tree, semi-tree or shrub), and main families. Additionally, the phylogenetic signal was measured by Blomberg's K to explore the correlation between family level differentiation time and litter stoichiometry. Our results showed that the contents of C, N and P in the litter of 62 woody species were 405.97-512.16, 4.45-27.11, and 0.21-2.53 g·kg-1, respectively. C/N, C/P and N/P were 18.6-106.2, 195.9-2146.8, and 3.5-68.9, respectively. Leaf litter P content of evergreen tree species was significantly lower than that of deciduous tree species, and C/P and N/P of evergreen tree species were significantly higher than those of deciduous tree species. There was no significant difference in C, N content and C/N between the two leaf forms. There was no significant difference in litter stoichiometry among trees, semi-trees and shrubs. Effects of phylogeny on C, N content and C/N in leaf litter was significant, but not on P content, C/P and N/P. Family differentiation time was negatively correlated with leaf litter N content, and positively correlated with C/N. Leaf litter of Fagaceae had high C and N contents, C/P and N/P, and low P content and C/N, with an opposite trend for Sapidaceae. Our findings indicated that litter in subtropical forest had high C, N content and N/P, but low P content, C/N, and C/P, compared with the global scale average value. Litter of tree species in older sequence of evolutionary development had lower N content but higher C/N. There was no difference of leaf litter stoichiometry among life forms. There were significant differences in P content, C/P, and N/P between different leaf forms, with a characteristic of convergence. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Improving crop health by synthetic microbial communities: Progress and prospects WENG Lingyin, LUAN Dongdong, ZHOU Dapu, GUO Qinggang, WANG Guangzhou, ZHANG Junling Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology    2024, 35 (3): 847-857.   DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202403.028 Abstract （511）      PDF（pc） （1007KB）（167）       Knowledge map    Save Crop health directly affects yields and food security. At present, agrochemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides are mainly used in agricultural production to promote crop health. However, long-term excessive utilization of agrochemicals will damage the ecological environment of farmlands and increase the safety risk of agricultural products. It is urgent to explore efficient and environment-friendly agricultural products. Rhizosphere microbiome are considered as the second genome of plants, which are closely related to crop health. Understanding the key functional microbes, microbe-microbe interactions, and plant-microbe interactions are fundamental for exploring the potential of beneficial microbes in promoting crop health. However, due to the heterogeneity and complexity of the natural environment, stimulating the function of indigenous microorganisms remains uncertain. Synthetic microbial community (SynCom) is an artificial combination of two or more different strain isolates of microorganisms, with different taxonomic, genetic, or functional characteristic. Because of the advantages of maintaining species diversity and community stability, SynCom has been widely applied in the fields of human health, environmental governance and industrial production, and may also have great potential in promoting crop health. We summarized the concept and research status of SynCom, expounded the principles and methods of constructing SynCom, and analyzed the research on the promotion of crop health by exploring the mechanism of plant-microbe interactions, promoting plant growth and development, and improving stress resistance. Finally, we envisaged the future prospects to guide the using SynCom to improve crop health. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research progress in biological control of tomato bacterial wilt WU Sixuan, GAO Fuyun, ZHANG Ruipeng, SU Hao, YAO Huaiying, FAN Xuelian, LI Yaying Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology    2023, 34 (9): 2585-2592.   DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202309.028 Abstract （438）      PDF（pc） （750KB）（103）       Knowledge map    Save Bacterial wilt caused by the infection of Ralstonia solanacearum, is one of the most harmful diseases to tomatoes, one of the most important greenhouse vegetables in China. R. solanacearum can survive and remain active in the deep soil for a long time, and the chemical control of tomato bacterial wilt is consequently limited. In this study, we introduced the characteristics of tomato bacterial wilt disease and the types of R. solanacearum, and systematically reviewed the research progresses of biological control methods from the aspects of botanical insecticides, agricultural antibiotics, biocontrol bacteria. We emphatically introduced the principle and current status of these methods, discussed the limitations and the improvement strategies, and prospected a new environmental protection and efficient biological control system based on micro-ecological regulation would be the development direction of biological control of tomato bacterial wilt. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Responses of radial growth of different tree species to abrupt temperature change in the northern Greater Khingan Mountains, China QIU Yang, WANG Zhaopeng, ZHANG Dongyou, LI Xiangyou, LUO Taoran, WANG Xinrui, LI Linlin, ZHAO Yueru Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology    2024, 35 (11): 2933-2941.   DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202411.001 Abstract （435）      PDF（pc） （3409KB）（6）       Knowledge map    Save We constructed standardized chronologies of tree-ring width of Larix gmelinii and Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica, the main tree species in the Mangui region of the northern Greater Khingan Mountains based on dendrochronology methods, we explored the responses of radial growth of the two species to climate change. The results showed that the radial growth of L. gmelinii was mainly limited by temperature, which was significantly negatively related to mean temperature in October of the last year and that in March and May-August of the present year. The radial growth of P. sylvestris var. mongolica was promoted by both temperature and precipitation, which was significantly positively related to precipitation in May of the present year and temperature in October of the last year and May-September of the present year. We analyzed temperature data from 1960 to 2021 in the Mangui region using the Mann-Kendall test, and found that mean annual temperature of the region had a warming abrupt change in 1988. L. gmelinii radial growth showed a decreasing trend both before and after the abrupt temperature change, and the downward trend of its radial growth increased slightly after the abrupt change. Radial growth of P. sylvestris var. mongolica changed significantly, with a decreasing trend before the abrupt change and a significant increasing trend after the abrupt change. The response to temperature was enhanced after the abrupt change, with a remarkable positive relationship with the monthly average minimum temperature in May of the present year. The analysis of sliding relationship showed that the sensitivity of L. gmelinii radial growth to climatic factors changed first to increase and then to weaken, and that of P. sylvestris var. mongolica radial growth gradually increased. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research progress on source, risk assessment, and management of emerging pollutants in drinking water LI Linyun, DUAN Yujing, HOU Jie Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology    2023, 34 (12): 3447-3456.   DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202312.029 Abstract （434）      PDF（pc） （1987KB）（137）       Knowledge map    Save With the extensive production and use of various chemicals, emerging pollutants including environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals, perfluoro chemicals, antibiotics, and microplastics have been continuously entering the environment, and spread to water through multiple pathways. The pollution of these emerging pollutants raised continuous concerns for the safety of drinking water, threating the ecological environment and human health. In combination with international research progress, we discussed in detail about pollution, source, and risk assessment of emerging pollutants in drinking water. We further suggested and prospected the challenge of environmental management of emerging pollutants. This review could promote the public’s understanding of emerging pollutants, and provide theoretical support for risk prevention and treatment of emerging pollutants in drinking water. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research advance in the effects of litter input on forest soil organic carbon transformation and stability GUO Xiaowei, ZHANG Yuxue, YOU Yeming, SUN Jianxin Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology    2024, 35 (9): 2352-2361.   DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202409.033 Abstract （420）      PDF（pc） （968KB）（21）       Knowledge map    Save The turnover and stabilization of soil organic carbon are tightly associated with the properties of litter input. Due to the complexity of litter decomposition and the high heterogeneity of forest soils, there are considerable uncertainties about how soil minerals, microorganisms, and environmental factors jointly regulate the transformation and stability of litter-derived soil organic carbon. Here, we present an overview of the “microbial efficiency-matrix stabilization” framework centered on microbial metabolism and organic carbon transformation, as well as the new “microbial carbon pump” and “mineral carbon pump” theories in forest soil organic carbon transformation and stabilization. We specifically highlighted a differential mechanism of “organo-organic interfaces” from the “organo-mineral interfaces” in the effects on soil organic carbon accumulation. We further expounded the transformation processes and stability of soil organic carbon based on the “carbon material cycling” and “energy fluxes”, aiming to provide theoretical support for the research on carbon sequestration in forest soils. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Current status and research prospects of terrestrial ecosystem carbon sink in Northeast China WANG Xugao, LYU Xiaotao, XI Fengming, LIU Zhihua, LIANG Yu, GAO Tian, SUN Tao, YU Dapao, WANG Chao, MA Qiang, LIANG Chao, ZHENG Tiantian, WANG Jiaoyue, YIN Yan, JIAO Kewei, LIU Bo, ZHU Jiaojun Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology    2024, 35 (9): 2322-2337.   DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202409.006 Abstract （417）      PDF（pc） （2326KB）（21）       Knowledge map    Save Increasing the carbon sink capacity of terrestrial ecosystems is a primary strategy to mitigate climate change and achieve the “carbon neutrality” goal. Clarifying the status and future dynamics of carbon sink of terrestrial ecosystems in Northeast China is crucial for achieving “carbon neutrality” as this region is a core contributor to carbon sink in China's terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we systematically summarized current research on carbon sink of terrestrial ecosystems across Northeast China, including the measurements and spatial-temporal patterns of carbon sinks, driving mechanisms of carbon sinks, the assessments of carbon sink potential, and technologies for increasing carbon sequestration. There are substantial uncertainties in quantifying terrestrial ecosystem carbon sink in Northeast China due to differences in data sources and methods, especially for forest carbon sink measurements, ranging from 0.020 to 0.157 Pg C·a-1. Carbon sink function depends on carbon exchange processes across plant-soil-atmosphere interfaces. The key pathways to enhance carbon sequestration in Northeast China under different temporal and spatial scales remains unclear. Improving terrestrial ecosystem quality is the key and core of carbon sequestration and sink enhancement. However, there is an urgent need to develop a multi-ecosystem collaborative carbon sequestration and sink enhancement technology system for the “dual carbon” goal. Future research needs to develop an accurate carbon sink measurement system that integrates multi-source data and multi-scale technologies to accurately assess the function and potential of carbon sink in Northeast China, focus on the multi-scale driving mechanism of carbon sink functions, develop new technical systems for coordinated enhancement of carbon sink for the Northeast terrestrial ecosystems, and carry out demonstrations of carbon sink enhancement technologies. These efforts will provide the scientific and technological supports for achieving the “carbon neutrality” goal. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Study on the equity of urban green space: Origin, progress, and enlightenment CHEN Yang, JING Xin, MA Renfeng, WANG Xueqi, LI Guan Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology    2023, 34 (7): 2006-2016.   DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202307.019 Abstract （411）      PDF（pc） （2206KB）（79）       Knowledge map    Save Urban green space equity focuses on whether different social groups can equally share the well-being from green space, which is an important issue in the realm of environmental justice. We systematically introduced the origin and development of green space equity, explored its multidimensional progress in conceptual connotation, measurement methodology, phenomenon, mechanism, and regulation, and proposed the enlightenment for deepening the related studies. The green space equity originated from environmental social movement and environmental justice studies, and experienced multilevel evolution in topic constriction and theoretical interpretation. Although the connotation of green space equity was interpreted from various perspectives, its core idea was distributional equality. There was a frequently-used framework for measurement methodology of green space equity, whose spatial scale issue was critical. Due to the differences of characteristics, developmental stages, and institutional backgrounds between Chinese and Western cities, the phenomena and driving mechanisms of green space equity were different. The regulation strategies of green space equity could be summarized into three types, including green distributional equitable strategy, social recognitional justice strategy, and procedural justice orientated strategy. Future studies should deepen the research from the hierarchical logics for practice management, the fine-scale measurement methodology, the interpretation of mechanism for green space inequity in Chinese context, and simulation of differentiated regulation strategies. Social development endows green space equity with more practical tasks and theoretical logics, which is urgent to clarify the research progress to support the future research. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Habitat suitability evaluation of invasive plant species Datura stramonium in Liaoning Province: Based on Biomod2 combination model WANG Ziwen, YIN Jin, WANG Xing, CHEN Yue, MAO Zikun, LIN Fei, GONG Zongqiang, WANG Xugao Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology    2023, 34 (5): 1272-1280.   DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202305.017 Abstract （404）      PDF（pc） （2613KB）（303）       Knowledge map    Save Datura stramonium, as a major invasive plant in Liaoning Province, is difficult to be removed after its successful invasion, and is a great threat to ecological environment and biodiversity. To evaluate the habitat suitabi-lity of D. stramonium, we collected its geographic distribution data in Liaoning Province through field investigation and database query, and using the Biomod2 combination model, and investigated its potential and suitable distribution areas and main influencing environmental variables at present and under future climate change scenarios, respectively. The results showed that the combined model which composed of GLM (generalized linear model), GBM (generalized boosting regression model), RF (random forest model), and MaxEnt (maximum entropy model) had a good performance. By classifying the habitat suitability of D. stramonium into four categories: high-, medium-, low- and un-suitable habitats, we found that the high-suitable habitats were generally distributed in the northwest and south of Liaoning Province, with an area of about 3.81×104 km2, accounting for 25.8% of the total area. The medium-suitable habitats were mostly distributed in the northwest and central parts of Liaoning Province, with an area of about 4.19×104 km2, accounting for 28.3% of the total area. Slope and clay content of topsoil (0-30 cm) were the two main variables explaining the habitat suitability of D. stramonium, and the total suitability of D. stramonium first increased and then decreased with the increasing slope and clay content of topsoil in this region. Under future climate change scenarios, the total suitability of D. stramonium showed an expanding trend, and its suitability would be obviously increased in Jinzhou, Panjin, Huludao, and Dandong. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Altitudinal variations and seasonal dynamics of near-surface and soil temperatures in subtropical forests of Mt. Guanshan, Jiangxi Province, China WANG Fang, LU Yaoshun, ZHANG Zhaochen, CHEN Lin, YANG Yongchuan, ZHANG Hongwei, WANG Xiaoran, SHU Li, SHANG Xiaofan, LIU Pengcheng, YANG Qingpei, ZHANG Jian Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology    2023, 34 (5): 1161-1168.   DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202305.019 Abstract （398）      PDF（pc） （2233KB）（438）       Knowledge map    Save Temperature lapse rate (TLR), measured as the degree of temperature change along an altitudinal gradient, is a key indicator of multiple ecological processes of mountain systems. Although many studies have examined temperature changes of open air or near-surface along altitudes, we know little about altitudinal variations of soil temperature, which play an important role in regulating growth and reproduction of organisms, as well as ecosystem nutrient cycling. Based on temperature data of near-surface (15 cm above ground) and soil layers (8 cm below ground) from 12 sampling sites of subtropical forest along an altitudinal gradient (300-1300 m) in Jiangxi Guan-shan National Nature Reserve from September 2018 to August 2021, we calculated the lapse rates of mean, maximum, and minimum temperatures, as well as accumulated temperatures by using simple linear regression for both near-surface and soil temperature. The seasonal dynamics of aforementioned variables were also evaluated. The results showed that there were large differences among mean, maximum, and minimum lapse rates for annual near-surface temperature, which were 0.38, 0.31 and 0.51 ℃·(100 m)-1, respectively. But little variation was documented for soil temperature which were 0.40, 0.38 and 0.42 ℃·(100 m)-1, respectively. The seasonal variations of temperature lapse rates for near-surface and soil layers were minor except for minimum temperature. The lapse rates of minimum temperature were deeper in spring and winter for near-surface and in spring and autumn for soil layers. For growing degree days (GDD), the accumulated temperature under both layers were negatively correlated with altitude, and the lapse rates of ≥5 ℃ were 163 ℃·d·(100 m)-1 for near-surface and 179 ℃·d·(100 m)-1 for soil. The ≥5 ℃ GDD in soil were about 15 days longer than that in near-surface at the same altitude. The results showed inconsistent patterns of altitudinal variations between near-surface and soil temperature. Soil temperature and its lapse rates had minor seasonal variations compared with the near-surface counterparts, which was related to the strong buffering capacity of soil. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Ecological stoichiometry of leaf-litter-fine roots in mixed plantations in mountainous area of Southern Ningxia, China. LI Xinyang, ZHANG Juanjuan, ZHOU Jianyun, CHEN Meng, LI Ming, ZHANG Xu, ZHAO Yan, CAO Yang Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology    2023, 34 (11): 2889-2897.   DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202311.009 Abstract （384）      PDF（pc） （2781KB）（37）       Knowledge map    Save The southern mountainous areas in Ningxia are representative regions of the Loess Plateau, with extremely fragile ecological environment. Large area of pure plantations established during the project of Grain for Green has suffered from poor nutrient availability and biodiversity loss, while planting mixed plantations is commonly consi-dered as an effective way to improve the ecological benefits. We selected Robinia pseudoacacia + Picea asperata mixed plantation, R. pseudoacacia + Armeniaca sibirica mixed plantation, A. sibirica pure plantation and R. pseudoa-cacia pure plantation located ina Ningnan mountainous area as test objects. Based on the theory and method of ecological stoichiometry, we measured the C, N and P contents of leaves, litter and fine roots to understand nutrient cycling characteristics of different plantations. The results showed that there was significant difference in foliar stoichiometry of each tree species within the four plantations. P. asperata leaves had the highest C content in the R. pseudoacacia + P. asperata mixed plantation, and R. pseudoacacia leaves had the highest N and P contents in the R. pseudoacacia + A. sibirica mixed plantation. N content of R. pseudoacacia and A. sibirica leaves was significantly higher in mixed plantation compared with that in pure plantation. There was no significant difference in litter biomass, litter C, N, P contents and stoichiometric ratios between the pure and mixed plantations of R. pseudoacacia. Litter biomass in A. sibirica pure plantation was significantly higher than that in R. pseudoacacia + A. sibirica mixed plantation, while litter C content was significantly lower than that in the mixed plantation. Fine root biomass decreased with increasing soil depth in the four plantations, with total fine root biomass being the highest in the R. pseudoacacia + A. sibirica mixed plantation. N content and N:P of fine roots in the R. pseudoacacia + A. sibirica mixed plantation were higher than those in R. pseudoacacia and A. sibirica pure plantations. There was significant negative correlation between N content in leaves and fine roots of R. pseudoacacia + A. sibirica mixed plantation. There were significant negative correlations between the N content of leaves and litter, as well as between the P content of leaves and fine roots in the R. pseudoacacia + P. asperata mixed plantation. P content between litter and fine roots in A. sibirica pure plantation was significantly negatively correlated. Nutrient status of mixed plantations was better than pure plantations in the Ningnan mountainous area, with the mixed plantation of R. pseudoacacia and A. sibirica being the best. Mixed planting reduced nutrient limitation on plant growth to a certain extent. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Responses of radial growth of Fraxinus mandshurica from different provenances to climate at Maoershan in Northeast China DU Yingjun, LI Shijie, WANG Li, YANG Shuai, JIA Xinying, TIAN Guangyu, ZENG Fansuo, XIN Ying Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology    2024, 35 (5): 1159-1168.   DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202405.004 Abstract （383）      PDF（pc） （4462KB）（42）       Knowledge map    Save To understand the responses of radial growth of Fraxinus mandshurica from different provenances to climatic factors, we used the dendrochronological method to establish the standard chronologies of F. mandshurica from 20 provenances in Maoershan provenance test forest, and analyzed the differences in radial growth and their correlation with climate factors. The results showed that the overall trend of F. mandshurica chronologies from 20 provenances was generally similar. There were differences in growth amplitude, with the average radial growth of F. mandshurica from Dailing, Lushuihe and Sanchazi being the highest. The radial growth of F. mandshurica from 20 provenances was significantly positively correlated with the highest temperature in July and the average temperature in July except for Huinan. The radial growth of F. mandshurica from 14 provenances was significantly positively correlated with the precipitation in August. The radial growth of F. mandshurica was constrained by temperature and precipitation during the growing season. There was difference in radial growth among F. mandshurica from different provenances under drought stress. F. mandshurica from Wangqing, Dailing, and Hailin had stronger resistance to drought, while that from Wandianzi, Zhanhe, and Xinglong had better recovery ability after drought. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Relationship between carbon stock and the structure of coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest in Tianmu Mountains, China WU Dengyu, DOU Xiaowen, TANG Mengping Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology    2023, 34 (8): 2029-2038.   DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202308.015 Abstract （370）      PDF（pc） （3452KB）（77）       Knowledge map    Save Taking the coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest of Tianmu Mountain National Nature Reserve in Zhejiang Province as research object, we divided the tree species into three pairs, including evergreen and deci-duous species, broad-leaved and coniferous species, dominant and non-dominant species, to compare the difference of the individual tree carbon stock of each pair and analyze the diameter distribution pattern and tree height distribution pattern of carbon stocks. The relationship between spatial structure and individual tree carbon stock was analyzed by using spatial structure indicators including V_Hegyi competition index, complete mingling and aggregation index, to reveal the relationship between the structure of coniferous and broad-leaved forests and carbon stocks, and provide a theoretical basis for management of forest carbon sequestration. The results showed that the average individual carbon stock for evergreen and deciduous species, broad-leaved and coniferous species, dominant and non-dominant species were 57.7 and 87.4 kg, 54.6 and 74.7 kg, 67.4 and 48.1 kg, respectively. The individual tree carbon stock of evergreen species was significantly lower than that of deciduous species, the individual tree carbon stock of broad-leaved species was significantly lower than that of coniferous species, and the individual tree carbon stock of dominant tree species was significantly higher than that of non-dominant tree species. The diameter distribution and height distribution of carbon stock of each species group obeyed normal distribution. The V_Hegyi competition index was significantly negatively correlated with individual tree carbon stock, and it was consistent with the power function distribution. Both complete mingling and aggregation index were linearly and positively correlated with individual tree carbon stock. The direction of influence of different spatial structures on the individual tree carbon stock was consistent. The structure of coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest had a significant impact on individual tree carbon stock. In the management of forest carbon sequestration and sink enhancement, it is necessary to regulate the unreasonable forest structure and promote its succession to the climax community in order to improve forest carbon stock. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Status and perspective of soil fauna eco-geography in China ZHANG Weixin, SHEN Zhifeng, ZHAO Cancan, MA Zihe, YANG An, SHAO Yuanhu, ZHAO Jie, FU Shenglei Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology    2024, 35 (5): 1435-1446.   DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202405.029 Abstract （368）      PDF（pc） （2430KB）（53）       Knowledge map    Save As regulators of the surface land processes, soil fauna communities are the vital foundations for healthy terrestrial ecosystems. Soil fauna have been studied in China for more than 70 years. Great progresses have been achieved in exploring soil fauna species composition and geographical distribution patterns. Soil fauna eco-geography, as a bridge between soil fauna geographic patterns and ecosystem services, has a new development opportunity with the deep recognition of soil fauna ecological functions. Soil fauna eco-geography research could be partitioned into four dimensions including the spatio-temporal patterns of: 1) the apparent characteristics of soil fauna community, such as species composition, richness and abundance; 2) the intrinsic characteristics of soil fauna community, such as dietary and habits; 3) soil fauna-related biotic and abiotic interactions especially those indicating drivers of soil fauna community structure or shaping the roles of soil fauna in ecosystems; and 4) soil fauna-related or -regulated key ecological processes. Current studies focus solely on soil fauna themselves and their geographical distributions. To link soil fauna geography more closely with ecosystem services, we suggested that: 1) converting the pure biogeography studies to those of revealing the spatio-temporal patterns of the soil fauna-related or regulated key relationships and ecological processes;2) expanding the temporal and spatial scales in soil fauna geographical research;3) exploring the integrated analysis approach for soil fauna-related data with multi-scales, multi-factors, and multi-processes;and 4) establishing standard reference systems for soil fauna eco-geographical researches. Hence, the change patterns of ecological niche of soil fauna communities could be illustrated, and precision mani-pulations of soil fauna communities and their ecological functions would become implementable, which finally contributes to ecosystem health and human well-being. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Effects of maize and soybean intercropping on soil phosphorus bioavailability and microbial community structure in rhizosphere. GU Jiacheng, WANG Wenmin, WANG Zhen, LI Luhua, JIANG Guiju, WANG Jiaping, CHENG Zhibo Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology    2023, 34 (11): 3030-3038.   DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202311.015 Abstract （361）      PDF（pc） （1205KB）（81）       Knowledge map    Save To investigate the effect of maize/soybean intercropping on rhizosphere soil microbial communities and phosphorus (P) bioavailability, we examined the changes of soil bioavailable P fractions and microbial community characteristics in the monoculture and intercropping systems based on high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that maize/soybean intercropping increased the contents of rhizosphere soil organic matter (SOM), available phosphorus (AP), microbial biomass phosphorus (MBP), and aboveground biomass. The increase of AP was mainly related to the increasing enzyme extracted phosphorus (Enzyme-P) and hydrochloric acid extracted phosphorus (HCl-P) contents. The dominant bacterial phyla under each treatment were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria and Chloroflexi, while the dominant bacterial genera were Nocardioides, Solirubacter, Sphingomonas and Arthrobacter, with Proteobacteria and Sphingomonas having the highest relative abundance. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Sphingomonas in intercropping maize rhizosphere soil was significantly higher than that in monoculture, and that of Proteobacteria in intercropping soybean rhizosphere soil was significantly higher than monoculture. Soil properties and P fractions were closely related to the rhizosphere soil microbial composition. In all, maize/soybean intercropping could affect the rhizosphere soil P bioavailability by altering the structure of rhizosphere microbial communities. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Methane emissions partially offset carbon sink function in global wetlands: An analysis based on global data. ZHAN Pengfei, TONG Chuan Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology    2023, 34 (11): 2958-2968.   DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202311.006 Abstract （350）      PDF（pc） （3761KB）（74）       Knowledge map    Save Wetlands serve as atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) sinks, as well as atmospheric methane (CH4) source due to the anaerobic soil environment. Although some studies report that the CH4 emission from wetlands partially offset their net CO2 uptake, there is no global data analysis on the offset of net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEE) by CH4 emission in wetland ecosystems. In this study, we collected the data sets of NEE and CH4 flux which were simultaneously measured in the inland wetlands (peatland and non-peatland wetland) and coastal wetlands (seagrass beds, salt marshes and mangroves) around the world. The results showed that all types of wetlands were atmospheric CO2 sink, with the NEE values ranking as follows: mangrove (-2011.0 g CO2·m-2·a-1) < salt marsh (-1636.6 g CO2·m-2·a-1) < non-peatland wetland (-870.8 g CO2·m-2·a-1) < peatland (-510.7 g CO2·m-2·a-1) < seagrass bed (-61.6 g CO2·m-2·a-1). When CH4 flux being converted into CO2-equivalent flux (CO2-eq flux) based on the 100-year scale global warming potentials, we found that the CH4 emissions partially offset 19.4%, 14.0%, 36.1%, 64.9% and 60.1% of the net CO2 uptake in seagrass beds, salt marshes, mangroves, non-peatland wetland and peatland, respectively. Over the 20-year scale, CH4 emissions partially offset 57.3%, 41.4%, 107.0%, 192.0% and 177.3% of the net CO2 uptake, respectively. Some mangroves, peatlands, and non-peatland wetlands acted as net CO2 equivalent source. Over the 100-year scale, the net greenhouse gas balance of each wetland ecosystem was negative value, which indicated that even accounting CH4 emission, wetland ecosystem was still an atmospheric carbon sink. Our results indicated that clarifying the main regulation mechanism of CH4 emission from wetland ecosystems and proposing reasonable CH4 reduction measures are crucial to maintain the carbon sink function in wetland ecosystems, and to mitigate the trend of climate warming. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）