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    15 January 2005, Volume 16 Issue 1
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    Articles
    Assessing forest ecosystem health Ⅱ.A case study.
    CHEN Gao1,2，DENG Hongbing3,DAI Limin1,HAO Zhanqing1, WANG Qingli1
    2005, 16(01):  1-6 . 
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    On the bases of samples investment and related data collected by others, and with the method of health distance assessment and the ecosystem health index system of Korean pine and broad-leaved mixed forest established in prior paper,this paper attempted to assess the ecosystem health of Korean pine and broad-leaved mixed forest under various human disturbances.The results showed that the health degree was in the order of 20% intensity selective cutting stand (0.21) <50% intensity selective cutting stand (0.44) .77).
    Stem respiration of Pinus koraiensis in Changbai Mountains
    WANG Miao1,JI Lanzhu1,LI Qiurong2,XIAO Dongmei1,LIU Hailiang3
    2005, 16(01):  7-13 . 
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    In this paper,soil respiration chamber,a simple and precise method,was used to measure the stem respiration of trees.LI-6400-09 respiration chamber serving as a system is usually used in soil respiration,but we made polyvinyl chloride (PVC) collar and fixed it on the stem surface to measure the stem respiration.From May to October 2003,the stem respiration of Pinus koraiensis, the dominant tree species in Changbai Mountain,was measured in different time and different places using this technique.Meanwhile,the temperatures in the stems and in the forests were measured.The results showed that the stem respiration rate had a remarkably seasonal tendency with a single peak,the maximum was in August and the minimum was in February.The stem respiration rate had an exponential relationship with stem temperature,and the curve exponential regressions for stem respiration rate and temperature factor of trees with big DBH were better than those with small DBH.The stem respiration in different DBH trees was higher in the south stem face than that in the north stem face,and the variance of respiration rate between south and north decreased with a decrease of DBH trees. During the growing season from May to October,the average maintenance respiration accounted for 63.63% in different DBH trees,and the maintenance respiration contribution to total respiratory consumption increased with increasing DBH,which was 66.76,73.29% and 50.84%, respectively. The tem respirationQ10 values ranged from 2.56～3.32 in different DBH of trees,and the seasonal tendency for stem Rt and Rm in different DBH of trees was obtained by using respiration Q10.Therefore,the differences between different parts of stem and different DBH of trees should be considered in estimating the respiration model in ecosystem.
    Relationship between treering chronology ofLarix olgensis in Changbai Mountains and the climae change
    YU Dapao1,2,WANG Shunzhong1,TANG Lina1,DAI Limin1,WANG Qingli1,WANG Shaoxian3
    2005, 16(01):  14-20 . 
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    The relationship of larch (Larix olgensis) radial growth in Changbai Mountains with climate change was assessed by dendrochronological techniques including correlation functions and single-years analysis.The results showed that larch growth was sensitive to environmental change,and temperature was the primary factor affecting larch growth.The larch growing in high and low elevations had a significantly different response to temperature.In high elevation,larch growth was significant correlated to the mean temperature of June,but in low elevation,it had a more complicated relationship to the environment.Besides the mean temperature of April and May,the temperature of last June and September and the humid index of last September significantly correlated with the larch tree ring-width.Therefore,it was not the same relationship of the same tree species with different environmental gradients.
    Root biomass of different stand-age Pinus yunnanensis forests and its distribution pattern in different soil depths
    DENG Kunmei1,LUO Tianxiang1,ZHANG Lin1,WANG Xueyun2,LI Changhui2
    2005, 16(01):  21-24 . 
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    With average-tree-specific sampling method,the authors measured the root biomass of Pinus yunnanensis forests with different stand ages in Yongren County,Yunnan Province.The results indicated that total root biomass increased from 8.50 t·hm-2 in young stand (15～17 yr) to 11.70 t·hm-2 in middle-aged stand (30～32 yr),and to 18.91 t·hm-2 in mature stand (60～130 yr).Among different stand age classes,the biomass of coarse roots (>10 mm) varied greatly (1.5～12.3 t·hm-2),whereas those of medium (5～10 mm) and fine（<5 mm）roots showed less variation (medium roots 1.4～1.6 t·hm-2, fine roots 5.3～6.2 t·hm-2).The root biomass of mature stand decreased with soil depth,approximately 93% of total underground biomass being distributed in surface layer (0～30 cm),and only 7% in deeper layer (30～115 cm).
    Fate of Larix chinensis apex buds and its influence on branching pattern
    ZHAO Xiangjian, WANG Xiaoan
    2005, 16(01):  25-28 . 
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    Using box-counting dimension method, this paper investigated the spatial occupation ability of different branching patterns related to the fate of Larix chinensis apex buds. The results showed that typeⅠbranching was beneficial to the branches to extend their spatial occupation, typeⅡbranching was beneficial to spread their areas, and type Ⅲ branching was beneficial both to extend their spatial occupation and to spread their areas. As a whole, the death of apex buds could help branches to improve their spatial occupation ability and energy utilization efficiency, and play an important role in adjusting crown type, and hence, in improving its photosynthesis. The death of Larix chinensis apex buds was probably a compelled result of their rigorous living conditions.
    Ecological plasticity of Larix chinensis population cones and seeds in Qinglin Mountain
    WANG Xiaoan,WANG Zhigao,XIAO Yaping,DUAN Renyan,ZHAO Xiangjian
    2005, 16(01):  29-32 . 
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    The study on 13 characters of cones and seeds of 6 Larix chinensis populations in Qinglin Mountain showed that there were significant differences in and among the populations.Except seed width and seed scale width,the other 11 characters were significantly different among populations. The variation coefficients of seed scale length,seed scale width,ratio of scale length to width,seed wing length,and seed wing width were larger among populations than in populations,while those of the other 8 characters were in adverse.Altitude had an obvious influence on the characters of cones and seeds,among which,seed width,scale width,scale length,seed wing length width,scale width,cone width,cone width,and the number of scales had a negative correlation with altitude,the ratio of scale length to width negatively correlated to slope,and scale width positively correlated to annual precipitation.The ratio of seed length to width and that of seed wing length to width showed a negative correlation to altitude.
    Anatomical and nutrient features of plant leaves in Yuanjiang savanna valley
    SONG Fuqiang1，2,CAO Kunfang1
    2005, 16(01):  33-38 . 
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    Due to rain shadow effect,the valleys in southwestern China mountainous areas have hot and dry climate,and savanna or semi-savanna vegetations occur on the slopes of these valleys.Yuanjiang dry-hot valley is such a valley, which has a distinct dry season of about six months from November to next April.This paper studied the anatomical and nutrient features of the leaves of twenty plant species,including those on upland soils and hilly slopes.The results showed that compared with the species on upland soil and the rain forest,the leaves of the plants from savanna showed more xeromorphic features,such as thicker leaf thickness,greater leaf mass per area (LMA), smaller ratios of spongy/palisade tissues (S∶P) and higher stomatal density (SD),which mainly came from the more severe drought in Yuanjiang savanna valley.Seven plant species in the savanna valley showed a shortage of nutrients in their leaves,and the leaf nutrient content was in order of 1.3%＞Ca＞N＞K＞1%＞Mg＞P＞S.Savanna had lower leaf mineral element concentrations than rain forest,but higher than other dry forests,including Asian heath forest and Bana forest.The differences in leaf nutrient concentrations between Yuanjiang valley savanna and other dry forests were mainly ascribed to the difference of soil nutrient contents,while those between valley savanna and rainforest were largely determined by the different plant biology.It could be concluded that the leaves of plant species in Yuanjiang savanna valley not only had obvious xeromorphic features,but also were deficit in nutrients.
    Niche of the mosses on floor in Shanghai city
    CHEN Yi1,CAO Tong1,2,SONG Guoyuan1，YU Jing1
    2005, 16(01):  39-43 . 
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    The mosses on the floor of 22 sites at 20 main parks and 2 chemical plants in Shanghai were sampled,and 75 moss species were recorded.Their niche breadths were calculated by Levins equation.The results indicated that most moss species had rather narrow niche breadth,68% of them with a niche breadth less than 0.1.The relationship between species number (N) and their niche breadth (B) followed the model N=0.344×e-0.0377B，R=0.9684. The niche overlaps of 39 main moss species (important value ＞0.1) were calculated by Wang's equation.Based on their niche overlaps,the ordination plot of Principal Axes Analysis (PAA) and the Minimal Spanning Tree (MST) were drawn.The results showed that five ecological groups of the 39 moss species related to different habitats could be identified.
    Age structure and growth pattern of Polytrichum juniperum populations in a mire of Changbai Mountains
    BU Zhaojun, YANG Yunfei, DAI Dan, WANG Xianwei
    2005, 16(01):  44-48 . 
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    In this paper, the age structure and growth pattern of two Polytrichum juniperum populations with and without sporophytes in Hani mire of Changbai Mountains were studied by ‘innate annual marker' method. The ramets of both populations were composed of 6 age classes, and their quantity and biomass showed a declining age structure, which was more obvious in the sporophyte produced population. No significant difference of biomass was found (P＞0.05) between the two populations. The dry material accumulation of the ramets in both populations increased with aging, and showed similar patterns of linear function. The ramets mean height of sporophyte- produced population was 6.17% shorter (P＜0.05) than the another, because sporophyte production limited the height growth. The ramets mean height also increased with aging, and showed similar patterns of linear function. In non-sporophyte produced population, the variation coefficient of ramets height was only 2.44%, which indicated the significance of similar height for rametssurvival. In sporophyte produced population, the variation coefficient of ramets height was 25.07%, while that of ramets biomass was 8.25%, suggesting the significance of similar biomass to the reproduction of population. The biomass of ramets had a significantly positive correlation with height in both populations(P＜0.001), and no allometric growth was showed.
    CO2 concentration character in broad-leaved Korean pine forest of Changbai Mountains
    WU Jiabing1,2,GUAN Dexin1,ZHAO Xiaosong1,HAN Shijie1,YU Guirui3,SUN Xiaomin3
    2005, 16(01):  49-53 . 
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    The CO2 concentration in broad-leaved Korean pine forest of Changbai Mountains was measured continuously with a CO2 infra-red analyzer in 2003. The results showed that the CO2 concentration in the forest had striking characteristics of temporal-spatial variations, which were mainly influenced by the physiological processes of plants, soil respiration, and intensity of turbulence exchange. In growing season, the daily maximum and minimum CO2 concentration appeared mostly on the surface floor at about 5:00 in the early morning and at canopy location at about 15:00 in the afternoon, respectively. There was an obviously process of forest CO2 emission when the inversion broke at dawn. The average CO2 concentration in forest was 377 μmol·mol-1 in 2003, the maximum of monthly average appeared in January as 388 μmol·mol-1, and the minimum of monthly average appeared in August as 352 μmol·mol-1. The forest acted as CO2 source in night time and turned to sink in daytime, during growing season. In non-growing season, the forest acted as CO2 source in both daytime and night time, but still had a clear evidence of CO2 assimilation at noon, with canopy location during non-growing season.
    Soil nitrogen mineralization under different land use patterns in Xishuangbanna
    LI Mingrui,SHA Liqing
    2005, 16(01):  54-58 . 
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    Nitrogen (N) cycle is very important for forest ecosystem,and soil N mineralization rate is often used as the index of soil N availability and its losses.Using Close-Top incubation method,we measured the N mineralization rate in soils (0～15 cm) of monsoon evergreen broadleaf forest,seasonal rain forest,rubber plantation,heavily disturbed seasonal rain forest,Millettia laptobotrya- secondary forest and upland rice field.The results showed that the net N mineralization rate and N nitrification rate were decreased in the sequence of heavily disturbed seasonal rain forest > Millettia laptobotrya secondary forest > seasonal rain forest > monsoon evergreen broadleaf forest > rubber plantation > upland rice field.Rubber plantation and upland rice field were the most seriously disturbed land use patterns.Their soil N storage and mineralization rate were very low and exhibited significant variations,compared with other land use patterns.Lower net N mineralization rate correlated with lower N storage,and also,with lower fungi numbers.The N mineralization rate in disturbed forest soil which had recovered for several years was similar to that in primary forest soil,but decreased significantly when the forests were converted to agricultural land.
    Ecological effects of landscape structure on desertification process of Keerqin sandy land
    CHANG Xueli1,2,YU Yunjiang 3，CAO Yanying1,GAO Yubao1
    2005, 16(01):  59-64 . 
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    By the methods of ANOVA, correlative analysis and regression analysis, this paper studied the ecological effects of landscape structure on desertification process of a typical Keerqin sandy land at spatial and temporal scales. The results showed that any single factor of landscape structure indices had no remarkable impact on desertification (significant at 95%). Principal component analysis (PCA) on the landscape structure indices suggested that landscape structure played an important role in desertification, because it reflected the interaction between natural changes and human being's activities and was the feedback of the interaction. At temporal scale, the contribution rate of the first and second vectors reached 90.26% of total information. There was a single peak in desertification, which indicated that the influence of landscape structure was simple during the past four decades. At spatial scale, the contribution rate of the first and second vectors was up to 80.20%, and there were two peaks in desertification, which indicated that the influence of landscape structure was more complicated at spatial scale than at temporal scale.
    Regional simulation of rice yield change under two emission scenarios of greenhouse gases
    XIONG Wei1,2,XU Yinlong1,LIN Erda1，LU Zhiguang2
    2005, 16(01):  65-68 . 
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    Based on the newest emission scenarios of SO2 and greenhouse gases, i.e.,the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)Special Report on Emission Scenarios(SRES)A2 and B2 scenarios,and by using RCM(Regional Climate Model)PRECIS and CERES-Rice model,this paper simulated the rice yield change in 2080 at 50×50 km scale.The results showed that there was a great range of yield change across whole China.The yield would increase along the Changjiang River and in South China,and decrease in North and Northeast China.Because of the direct effect of CO2 on rice growth,the SRES A2 scenario would be more positive to the increase of rice yield than B2.In 2080,the total rice yield in whole China would increase under A2 emission scenario,while decrease under B2 emission scenario.
    Analysis of paddy field evapotranspiration in North China and calculation of crop coefficient
    WANG Xiaoying1,2,LIANG Wenju1,WEN Dazhong1
    2005, 16(01):  69-72 . 
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    The potential evapotranspiration(ET0)values from 1951 to 2002 for the lower reaches of Liaohe Plain,North China,were estimated by Penman-Monteith equation,and the annual change in ET0 was analyzed.By using nonweighting lysimeters at Shenyang Experimental Station of Ecology(CAS)in North China,the daily evapotranspiration of flooded rice(Oryza sativa L.)at the interval of 10～11 days was determined for eight seasons from 1993～2002(except for 1997 and 1999).The results showed that the total evapotranspiration ranged from 581mm to 695 mm during 1993 and 2002,averaged 634 mm.Both in dry and wet seasons,supplemental irrigation was essential in this region for the uneven distribution of rainfall and time. The average crop coefficient(Kc)for eight years from 1993 to 2002 during the whole growth period was 1.32,with a second-degree polynomial change for the values of Kc during different rice growth stages.
    Response of strawberry leaves photosynthesis to strong light and its mechanism
    XU Kai1,2,GUO Yanping1,ZHANG Shanglong1,ZHOU Huifen1,ZHENG Yi2
    2005, 16(01):  73-78 . 
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    In this paper,PAM2000 portable chlorophyll fluorometer and HCM1000 photosynthesis measurement system were applied to measure the apparent quantum efficiency(AQY),initial fluorescence (Fo),maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm),maximal fluorescence(Fm),photochemical quenching(qP),nonphotochemical quenching(qN),actual quantum yield of PSⅡ electron transport (ΦPSII),electron transport rate (ETR),amount of inactive PSⅡ reaction centers (FiFo),QA reduction rate,proportion of QBnonreducing PSⅡ reaction centers［(FiFo)/（FpFo）］,and energydependent quenching (qE),photoinhibitory quenching (qI) and statetransition quenching (qT) of nonphotochemical quenching of strawberry leaves.The results showed that the Fv/Fm,Fm,FiFo and QA reduction rate decreased in strong light and increased during subsequent dark recovery,but （FiFo）/（FpFo） was in reverse.They changed drastically within the first 10 minutes in strong light or in subsequent darkness.In strong light,ΦPSII,ETR and qP increased firstly and then decreased,while qN decreased drastically firstly and then increased slightly.After exposure to strong light for 4 hours,the AQY of two varieties “Toyonoka" and “Houkouwase" decreased by 20.9% and 37.5%,respectively,and qE was 89.1% and 87.1%, respectively in NPQ (qE+qI+qT).In strong light,“Toyonoka" showed less changes than “Houkouwase" in Fo,Fv/Fm,Fm,ETR,ΦPSII and AQY.After treated with DTT,the Fv/Fm and Fm were lower,but Fo was much higher than control.It is deduced that in strong light,xanthophyll cycle-dependent non-radiative energy dissipation and pH-dependent heat dissipation could play an important protective role against photo-damage to the photosynthetic apparatus in strawberry leaves.
    Dynamics of soil phenols in continuous cropping solar greenhouse and their effects on disease resistance-related enzyme activities in cucumber root
    MA Yunhua,WEI Min,WANG Xiufeng
    2005, 16(01):  79-82 . 
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    The study showed that under solar greenhouse condition,the contents of soil p-hydroxybenzoic acid,ferulic acid and benzoic acid and their total amounts increased with increasing continuous cropping years,and were obviously higher after continuously cropped for 5,7 and 9 years than for 1 and 3 years.Different concentration of soil phenols resulted in completely different effects on disease resistance-related enzyme activities in cucumber root,e.g.,under lower concentrations (40 and 80 μg·g-1),the activities of phenylalanine(PAL),ployphenol oxidase(PPO) and peroxidase(POD) were increased,while under higher levels (120 and 160 μg·g-1),they were restrained.Therefore,the changes of soil phenol contents in continuous cropping solar greenhouse could be one of the essential factors affecting the disease-resistance of cucumber.
    Effects of soil moisture on photosynthetic characteristics of different specialized end-uses winter wheat at their later growth stages and on their yields
    MA Xinming1,XIONG Shuping1，LI Lin2,ZHANG Juanjuan1，HE Jianguo1
    2005, 16(01):  83-87 . 
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    In this study,pot experiments with various cultivars of specialized end-uses winter wheat were carried out at Henan Agricultural University Research Station during 2001～2003.The results showed that as for cultivar Yumai 34,the values of its chlorophyll meter(SPAD),PSII activity (Fv/Fo) and maximal PSII light energy transformation efficiency (Fv/Fm) were the highest when soil moisture content was at 60% of field capacity (FC),but the photochemical quenching coefficient (qP),non-photochemical quenching coefficient (qN),apparent photosynthetic electron transport rate(ETR) and the ratio of PSII photochemical quantum yield (Ф2) were all increased at 80% of FC.For high-yielding cultivar Yumai 49,its SPAD,qP,qN and ETR were higher at 80% of FC,but Fv/Fo,Fv/Fm and Ф2 were less affected by FC.For cultivar Yumai 50,the values of its photosynthetic characteristics were the highest at 80% of FC, except that the qN value was the lowest.The yield and the relative content of grain protein of cultivar Yumai 34 were also increased at 60% of FC. Furthermore, there was a significant difference among grain yields.The relative contents of grain protein of cultivars Yumai 49 and 50 were improved at 40% of FC,while the highest yields were obtained at 80% of FC.There were significant differences in the grain yields of Yumai 49 and 50 among different soil moisture treatments.
    Variation of soil temperature before and after cultivation of marsh and its effect on soil thermal regime
    SONG Changchun1,2,WANG Yiyong1,YAN Baixing1,Zhang Jinbo1,LOU Yanjing1
    2005, 16(01):  88-92 . 
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    Marsh has important ecological and environmental functions and is sensitive to the global climate change,while the variation of soil temperature could better indicate the climate fluctuation.Our study showed that the annual and seasonal dynamic changes of soil temperature in marsh showed distinctly “sinusoid" character curve,whereas the mean annual temperature of different soil depths showed “U" feature.From May to September,the mean temperature at the topsoil (10 cm) of uncultivated marsh was 11.69±3.04℃,while that of cultivated marsh was 15.80±3.41 ℃.The soil respiration rate of uncultivated marsh in August and September was 156.41±76.91 mg·m-2·h-1 and 116.75±57.43 mg·m-2·h-1,accounted for 14.6% and 13.1 % of that of cultivated marsh,respectively.The soil temperature was significantly positively correlated with soil respiration.
    Humus composition of black soil and its organo-mineral complexes under different fertility level
    ZHAO Lanpo1,WANG Jie1,LIU Jingshuang2,LIU Shuxia1,WANG Yanling1, WANG Hongbin1,ZHANG Zhidan1
    2005, 16(01):  93-99 . 
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    Determinations by Kumada method showed that with the improvement of black soil fertility,the free and combined humus contents in soil and its different size organo-mineral complexes increased,but the humification degree of free humus decreased,which was more obvious in silt and fine sand size complexes.The organic carbon content in complexes,humus extraction rate,free humus content,and humification degree of free humic acid decreased with the increasing particle size of complexes.All free humic acids in fertile soil were Rp type,while in unfertile soil,they were Rp and B type.With the increasing particle size of complexes,the type of free humic acids changed in the sequence A type(clay)→B type(silt)→Rp type(fine sand).Combined form humic acid mainly belonged to A type,no matter what particle size the complex was.The improvement of soil fertility could make the humification degree of free humus in soil and its complexes decrease,and furthermore, result in type change.In black soil,the type change of free humic acid mainly occurred in silt size complex,and that of combined form humic acid mainly occurred in fine sand size complex.
    Effects of N application and maize growth on N2O emission from soil
    YANG Lanfang1,2,CAI Zucong1
    2005, 16(01):  100-104 . 
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    With pot experiment and using static chamber-GC technique,this paper studied the effects of N application(150 and 300 mg·kg-1 soil)and maize growth on N2O emission from soil.In maize-planted soil,the N2O emission rate increased with increasing N application rate,its peak appeared at seedling stage,and there was no significant correlation between N2O emission and air temperature.Contrarily,in bare soil,the peak of N2O emission rate occurred at the anaphase of the experiment,and there was a significant exponential correlation between N2O emission and air temperature.The total amount of N2O emission increased remarkably with increasing N application rate in both planted and bare soils.In comparing with bare soil,maize-planting reduced N2O emission by 92% and 87%,respectively at high and low N application rates,which suggested that maize-planting not only affected the seasonal variation and magnitude of N2O emission from soil,but also altered the relationship between air temperature and soil N2O emission.
    Effects of soil water status on gas exchange of peanut and early rice leaves
    CHEN Jiazhou1,Lv Guoan1,HE Yuanqiu2
    2005, 16(01):  105-110 . 
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    The gas exchange characteristics of peanut and early rice leaves were investigated in experimental plots under different soil water conditions over a long growth period.The results showed that at the branching stage of peanut,the stomatal conductance(Gs)and transpiration rate(Tr)decreased slightly under mild and moderate soil water stress,while the net photosynthetic rate(Pn)and leaf water use efficiency (WUE) increased.The Gs/Tr ratio also increased under mild water stress,but decreased under moderate water stress.At podding stage,the Gs,Tr,Gs/Tr ratio and Pn decreased,while WUE increased significantly under mild and moderate water stress.The peanut was suffered from water stress at its pod setting stage.At the grain filling stage of early rice,the Gs,Tr and Gs/Tr ratio fluctuated insignificantly under mild and moderate water stress,while Pn and WUE increased significantly,with an increase in grain yield under mild water stress. It's suggested that the combination of Gs and Gs/Tr ratio could be a reference index for crop water stress,namely,crops could be hazarded by water stress when Gs and Gs/Tr decreased synchronously.
    Effects of high concentration CO2 on lily growth and its two allelochemicals
    WEI Shenglin1，2
    2005, 16(01):  111-114 . 
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    Under greenhouse condition,this paper studied the effects of different concentrations CO2 to the growth of oriental yellow poly-bud cut lily and to the two allelochemicals in lily leaves.The results showed that the optimum CO2 concentration for Pn was 600 μmol·mol-1.There was less impact on photosynthesis when continually supplying 600～1 000 μmol·mol-1 CO2 for 45 days,probably due to the photosynthesis adaptability of new bulblets.600 μmol·mol-1 CO2 could increase the stem height about 0.57 grades,and also had a positive effect on the growth of color bud.600 μmol·mol-1 and 800 μmol·mol-1 CO2 could markedly increase the contents of polyphenols and flavonoids in lily leaves,and there was no plant leaves withered,because the appropriate concentrations CO2 was beneficial to the Pn and to the formation and transformation of carbohydrates and allelochemicals,which increased the premunition of the plant.The contents of polyphenols and flavonoids in lily leaves reached the maximum when the concentration of CO2 was 600 μmol·mol-1.
    Effects of transgenes insertion on pollen vigor and hybrid seed set of rice
    WEI Xinghua,YUAN Xiaoping,YU Hanyong,WANG Yiping,TANG Shengxiang,LIAO Xiyuan 
    2005, 16(01):  115-118 . 
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    In this paper,the effects of transgenes insertion on the outcross potentiality of rice varieties were assessed by pollen vigor and hybrid seed set.The in vitro pollen germination rates of five transgenic rice lines transformed respectively with bar,crylAb,BADH and Xa21 gene were investigated,and compared with their relative receptor rice varieties.The results showed that there existed a significant difference in in vitro pollen germination rates between receptor rice varieties,but no significant difference was found between transgenic rice varieties and their relative receptors.The in vitro pollen germination rate for transgenic rice varieties varied from 0.416 to 0.584,similar to that of their relative receptors(0.400～0.574). Investigation on the hybrid seed set of 26 hand-crosses showed that the inserted bar or crylAb gene had a significant effect on the hybrid seed set of receptors,while the effect of Xa21 gene was smaller.The hybrid seed set rate of nontransgenic rice in crosses with transgenic rice(pollen donor)was from 0.056 to 0.413,not different from that in crosses with their relative receptors(0.052～0.417).It's suggested that transgenes insertion had little effect on the outcross potentiality of rice varieties.
    An approach to the screening index for low phosphorous tolerant rice genotype
    LI Yongfu1,LUO Ancheng1,WANG Weimu2,YANG Changdeng3,YANG Xiao'e1
    2005, 16(01):  119-124 . 
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    Screening and breeding low phosphorous(P)tolerant rice genotype is one of the effective alternatives to alleviate the scarcity of mineral P resource and to increase the utilization efficiency of P fertilizer.Selecting a simple and scientific screening index plays an important role in the screening and breeding program. In this study,a hydroponic culture experiment and a field trial were carried out to approach the screening index for low P tolerant rice genotypes. The results showed that among all the rice characters studied, total dry weight demonstrated a significant genotypic variation at both normal and low P supply(the CV was 21.73% and 19.54%,respectively).Relative total dry weight(low P supply/normal P supply)also demonstrated significant genotypic variation(CV was 19.60%),which was significantly correlated to relative root dry weight,relative plant height,relative total P uptake,relative shoot P accumulation,relative P utilization efficiency and relative P concentration(P<0.01).Therefore,the relative total dry weight of rice would be an important evaluation or screening index for the low P tolerance ability of rice at its seedling stage.The relative total dry weight of rice in hydroponic culture system was not correlated to the relative grain yield(minus-P/plus-P)in field trial,which meant that it could not be used as an index to evaluate the low P tolerance ability of rice.The internal P utilization efficiency of rice grown in low P solution was significantly correlated to that of rice grown in P-deficient soil(r＝0.798**,n=8).Therefore,screening rice genotypes by using internal P utilization efficiency of rice grown in low P solution at seedling stage as screening index and subsequently testing in field trial would probably be an effective alternative to screen rice genotype with high P utilization efficiency.
    A comparative study on asynchronous hatching and nestling growth of three heron species
    ZHU Xi,LI Zaiguo,CHEN Weizhen
    2005, 16(01):  125-128 . 
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    The study on the asynchronous hatching and nestling growth of three heron species (Ardeola bacchus,Egretta garzetta,Nycticorax nycticorax) in laboratory and field at the Changshan and Yuhang heron reserve in Zhejiang Province in 1996～1999 showed that the herons migrated to the reserve in the first and second ten days of April,and left in late September.The average hatching period was 23.0 days for Ardeola bacchus,23.9 days for Egretta garzetta,and 25.3 days for Nycticorax nycticorax.Nycticorax nycticorax had the highest hatching rate (95.45%),followed by Egretta garzetta (86.98%) and Ardeola bacchus (76.23%).The hatch ability of Nycticorax nycticorax (3.50) was higher than those of Egretta garzetta (3.38) and Ardeola bacchus (3.21).The increase of nestling weight was negatively related to the adult body size,but positively related to the hatching order.All nestlings developed well at their early growth stage,and then,there existed a significant difference among the nestlings based on the hatching order.The growth curves of the first three nestlings were similar and obviously better than that of the fourth,which indicated that early-hatched nestlings could obtain enough food,while the last one might be short of food.The optimal hatching quantity of the three heron species was assumed to be three offsprings.
    Simulation of Plutella xylostella population control by granulosis virus
    HE Yurong1,Lv Lihua2
    2005, 16(01):  129-132 . 
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    By means of the life table of acting factors combinations and the theory of modern population system control,this paper evaluated the efficacy of different combinations of application dosage and times of granulosis virus on Plutella xylostella control.The results showed that with gradually recovered natural enemies,the second generation of Plutella xylostella in the field of spring flowering Chinese cabbage would increase 4.1 times if no control methods were carried out to the first generation.After applying a suspension of 0.25LE/L(Larval equivalent)two times,the egg and larval numbers of the second generation Plutella xylostella were reduced significantly,but the index of population increase was still beyond 1,while applying a suspension of 0.5 LE/L two times or 1LE/L one time at the peak of 2nd instar larvae of the 1st generation could significantly reduce the egg and larval numbers,and the index of population increase was only 0.13.Therefore,if used appropriately, the granulosis virus originated from Plutella xylostella could control the damage of Plutella xylostella effectively.
    Accumulation of La(NO3)3 in mice liver and its genetic toxicity
    WANG Yang,NIE Liuwang,CHEN Wen,ZHANG Jifeng,CHEN Qilong
    2005, 16(01):  133-136 . 
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    By using ICP-MS method,this paper determined the accumulation of La in mice liver after the mice being fed with La(NO3)3 water solution for thirty days,and through in vitroexperiment,studied the effect of La(NO3)3 on the micronucleus rate of mice bone marrow cells and the cleavage action of La(NO3)3 on genome DNA to investigate the genetic toxicity of La.The results showed that when the treated concentration was 1 000,500,300 and 50 μg·ml-1,the amount of La in mice liver reached 1.46,0.558,0.529 and 0.083 μg·g-1,respectively.Compared with control,the La amount in disposed groups' mice livers increased with increasing La(NO3)3 concentration in water(r=0.980).T-test results showed that there existed significant differences in 1 000,500 and 300 μg·ml-1 disposed groups when compared with the control(P<0.05).The micronucleus rate of mice bone marrow cells increased with increasing La(NO3)3 concentration in water(r=0.853).The in vitro experiments showed that La(NO3)3 could make DNA cleaved.It could be concluded that that La might be accumulated in organisms,and could induce the damage of genetic material in cells.
    Allelopathy of root exudates from two genotypes soybeans on root rot pathogenic fungi
    HAN Limei,JU Huiyan,YANG Zhenming
    2005, 16(01):  137-141 . 
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    With biological simulation experiment and chemical analysis,this paper studied the allelopathy of carbohydrates,amino acids and organic acids in the root exudates from two genotypes soybeans (9536 and Jilin 30) on the pathogenic fungi of root rot.The results showed that the water soluble carbohydrates in the root exudates from test soybeans significantly promoted the growth of Fusarium oxysporium and Fusarium semitectum at low concentrations and inhibited their growth at high concentrations,but had no evident influence on Gliocladium roseum.The water soluble amino acids from the root exudates demonstrated different actions，i.e.,at middle and high concentrations,those from 9536 significantly inhibited the growth of Fusarium oxysporium,Fusarium semitectum and Gliocladium roseum,while those from Jilin 30 mostly promoted their growth.The organic acids from the root exudates of 9536 and Jilin 30 significantly inhibited the growth of Fusarium oxysporium,Fusarium semitectum and Gliocladium roseum.It's suggested that there existed interactions between the root exudates of the two genotypes soybeans and the pathogenic fungi of root rot.Different genotypes of soybean may have different allelopathy on pathogenic fungi of root rot.
    Construction of Bacillus thuringiensis labeled recombinant strain and horizontal transfer of its cry1AC10 gene
    ZHOU Qin,SUN Ming,LI Lin,YANG Zaiqing,YU Ziniu
    2005, 16(01):  142-146 . 
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    A recombinant plasmid pBMBZGC10 was obtained by the ligation of gfpcry1Ac10 fusion gene and vector plasmid pAD4412,which was then introduced by gene pulser into acrystalliferous strain CryB,and a recombinant strain CryB(pBMBZGC10)was obtained.Different fermentative solutions of recombinant strain were used for multi-spraying on Brassica pekinesis, Ipomoea aquatica and Lycopersicon esculentum leaves.The results of fluorescent detection and PCR amplification revealed that cry1Ac10 gene did not transfer into indigenous bacteria,actinomyces and fungi in test soil,and could not be detected in roots,stems and leaves of test plants.
    Field distribution pattern and metabolic activity of AM fungi and their effects on Ipomoea batatas growth
    GAI Jingping,FENG Gu,LI Xiaolin
    2005, 16(01):  147-150 . 
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    The study showed that after eight weeks of inoculating sweet potato seedlings with AM fungus Glomus intraradices BEG141 under field condition,the shoot dry weight,individuals of tuber and their fresh weight,as well as the P uptake by the plant increased significantly.Compared with the control,the root colonization rate,extraradical hyphal density and intraradical alkaline phosphatase(ALP)activity were greatly increased.After inoculation with BEG141,the total and succinate dehydrogenase(SDH)- active hyphae paralleling with ridge were much more than those in underside direction,while there was no significant difference in different directions in the control.The increase of intra- and extraradical active hyphae density and the change of AM fungus distribution pattern after inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi may be the main reasons for the growth improvement of sweet potato.
    Ecological relationships among artificial vegetations during their restoration in Antaibao mining area
    ZHANG Guilian1,ZHANG Jintun2,GUO Xiaoyu3
    2005, 16(01):  151-155 . 
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    By the methods of TWINSPAN,DCA and DCCA,and from the aspects of the relations between plant species,communities and environmental factors, this paper studied the ecological relationships among artificial vegetations during their restoration in Antaibao mining area.63 collected quadrates were classified into 12 community types by TWINSPAN,and the distribution of the communities could comprehensively reflect the influence of environmental factors.DCA ordination indicated that soil water content,which was increased with restoration time,was the main factor restricting the distribution of the communities.DCCA ordination showed that soil organic matter content was the decisive factor to the development of communities.
    Comparison of nutrient removal ability between Cyperus alternifolius and Vetiveria zizanioides in constructed wetlands
    LIAO Xindi,LUO Shiming,WU Yinbao,WANG Zhisan
    2005, 16(01):  156-160 . 
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    In order to compare the nutrient removal ability of Cyperus alternifolius and Vetiveria zizanioides,a 17.0 m2 subsurface flow wetland covered with Cyperus alternifolius and another 13.3 m2 one covered withVetiveria zizanioides were constructed for piggery wastewater treatment,and the biomass as well as the N,P,Cu and Zn contents in the root and shoot of the plants was measured by the end of each season.The results showed that the below-ground biomass of V.zizanioides was greater than that of C.alternifolius.By the contrary,the above-ground biomass of C.alternifolius was greater than that of V.zizanioides.The annual biomass yield of C.alternifolius was 2.3 times higher than that of V.zizanioides,which was 3406.47g·m-2 and 1483.88 g·m-2,respectively.The N concentration in C.alternifolius tissue was higher than that in V.zizanioides tissue,being 22.69 mg·g-1 and 15.44 mg·g-1 respectively,and similarly,the P concentration in C.alternifolius tissue was higher than that inV.zizanioides tissue,being 6.09 mg·g-1 and 5.47 mg·g-1 respectively.The Cu and Zn concentrations in C.alternifolius tissue were a little higher than those in V.zizanioides.68.72 g N·m-2 and 18.49 g P·m-2 were removed by harvesting C.alternifolius vegetation,while 8.93 g N·m-2 and 3.69 g·P m-2 were removed by harvesting V.zizanioides vegetation.It was concluded that the removals of N,P,Cu and Zn by harvesting vegetation were 4～7 times higher in C.alternifolius wetland than in V.zizanioides wetland.
    Tolerance of Arundo donax to heavy metals
    HAN Zhiping1,HU Zhenghai2
    2005, 16(01):  161-165 . 
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    This paper studied the tolerance of Arundo donax grown in a simulated heavy metals polluted wetland,and determined the biological characters and chlorophyll contents of the plant at its different growth stages as well as the changes of soil heavy metals contents.The results showed that Arundo donax could survive in the wetland when the concentrations of Cu2+、Pb2＋、Cd2+、Zn2+ 、Ni2+、Hg2+and Hg2+ were 100 mg·kg-1 and Cr6+ concentration was 50 mg·kg-1.During 40 days growth period, the chlorophyll content decreased by 20%～56% and the leaf became soft with its tip withered,but the plant still grew.Compared with control,Arundo donax in the polluted wetland was slight and yellow-green,but the impact on plant height was inconspicuous.Arundo donax treated with 100 mg·kg-1 Cr6+ grew slowly with its root stock rotted,and its leaves withered in a short time,indicating that the plant could not tolerate the pollution of high concentration Cr6+.The concentrations of soil heavy metals declined with the growth of the plant,probably due to the translocation of heavy metals from peripheral soil to rhizosphere and the phytoextraction and phytovolatilization, because the heavy metals contents in rhizosphere were much higher than those in the bulk soil in the test jar.The characters of large biomass,exuberant root and good adaptability of Arundo donax suggested its great potential in remediation of polluted soils.The study on the application of Arundo donax to phytoremediation is of realistic significance.
    Effects of aluminum stress on photosynthetic characters of soybean
    YING Xiaofang,LIU Peng
    2005, 16(01):  166-170 . 
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    With three soybean (Glycine max) varieties Zhechun No.2,Zhechun No.3 and 9703 as test materials,this paper studied the effects of different aluminum(Al)concentration on their photosynthetic characters.The results showed that the leaf chlorophyll content decreased by 5%～35% when Al concentration increased.Al also affected various physiological functions, e.g.,stomatal resistance increased by 10%～35%,stomatal conductance decreased by 10%～40%,photosynthetic and transpiration rate decreased by 5%～40% and 20%～50%,respectively,and water utilization efficiency decreased by 15%～50%.Al stress could inhibit the photosynthesis of soybean leaves,and the inhibition was more serious in vegetative than in reproductive growth period.In addition,three test soybean varieties had definite genetic difference in response to Al toxicity.
    Phototactic behavior of Daphnia carinata as an indicator of chromium biotoxicity
    WU Yonggui1,2,HUANG Jianguo1,YUAN Ling1
    2005, 16(01):  171-174 . 
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    The study on the phototactic behavior of Daphnia carinata clone Dc42 as an indicator of chromium biotoxicity showed that the phototaxis inhibition ratio (Rpi) of D.carinata could better indicate the chromium status in water.There was a negative linear correlation between phototactic index (Ip) and Cr6+ concentration in standardized K2Cr2O7 solutions (R2=0.8089,P<0.001).The detection limit of Cr6+ by Ip was 0.056 mg·L-1,much lower than that of LC50 or EC50,and the mean precision index for detection reached up to 5.46%,which suggested the sensitivity,precision and reliability of this method in monitoring chemicals biotoxicity.
    Eco-toxicity diagnosis on sediments of petroleum wastewater irrigation channel
    SONG Yufang1,2,ZHOU Qixing1,2,SONG Xueying1,3，ZHANG Wei1,3,SUN Tieheng1,2
    2005, 16(01):  175-179 . 
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    Sediment samples were collected from several sites in the upper,mid and lower reaches of the petroleum wastewater irrigation channel in eastern Shenyang of China,and the concentrations of their Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd and mineral oil were analyzed.The results showed that the pollutants were accumulated in all of sediment samples,with 408～118 300 mg·kg-1 mineral oil,17.83～78.53 mg·kg-1 Cu,35.76～155.16 mg·kg-1 Zn,8.50～31.03 mg·kg-1 Pb and 0.1～1.0 mg·kg-1 Cd.The sediments showed an inhibition or stimulation effect on plant root elongation and a lethal and sub-lethal effect on earthworm. The inhibition rate of root elongation based on germination test was -29.81 to 93.8%.During 14 d exposure,the maximum mortality rate of earworm was 100%,and during 14d and 28d exposure,the inhibition rate of its body weight growth was -36.6%～-6.08% and -40.4%～6.1%, respectively. The study indicated that a long-term irrigation with petroleum wastewater resulted in the accumulation of pollutants in channel sediments and enhanced eco-toxicity.
    Evaluation on self-pollution of marine culture in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea
    CUI Yi,CHEN Bijuan,CHEN Jufa
    2005, 16(01):  180-185 . 
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    This paper studied the respective contribution of feeding and non-feeding marine culture on seawater and red tide occurrence.The results showed that the annual output of marine had a positive correlation with the nutrients and COD in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea,of which,the correlation between DIN content and shrimp yield was significant.The output also had a positive correlation with the occurrence times of red tide recorded in the Yellow and Sea Bohai Sea.These results illustrated that the self-pollution of marine culture had a significant influence on the eutrophication and red tide occurred in the neighboring waters.It was estimated that the amounts of N,P and COD entered into seawater through the marine culture in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea accounted for 2.8%,5.3% and 1.8% of the amounts of corresponding land-based pollutants entered to the sea,respectively. Although the discharge of the pollutants produced by marine culture was less than that produced by other human activities,some local waters,especially dense marine culture areas,would bring out some additive effects on environment.Therefore,the pollutants discharged by marine culture were very likely to be an important factor stimulating the eutrophication and red tide occurrence in coastal waters,which should be paid adequate attention.
    Interrelation between plant species diversity and soil environmental factors in bird island of Qinghai Lake
    WANG Shunzhong1,2,CHEN Guichen1,BAI Yuping3,ZHOU Guoying1,SUN Jing1
    2005, 16(01):  186-188 . 
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    The study on the relationship between plant species diversity and soil factors in the bird island of Qinghai Lake indicated that this island was a low diversity district,its Shannon-Wienner index and species richness decreased with the increasing soil available K,water soluble salt concentration and pH,and there were significant linear and quadratic correlations between them.Stepwise linear regressions showed that soil available K and water soluble salt were the key factors to estimate Shannon-Wienner index and species richness in this island,respectively,and no correlation was found between species evenness and soil factors.
    Nitrite content of common vegetables in Wuhu City
    WANG Youbao,HUANG Wei,LIU Dengyi
    2005, 16(01):  189-192 . 
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    Laboratory analysis was carried out to study the nitrite content and its affecting factors of 10 common vegetables in terminal markets of Wuhu City. The results showed that the nitrite content of root or stem-and fruit vegetables was lower than the national standard,but that of leaf vegetables exceeded the standard seriously.The nitrite in vegetables increased significantly with storage time.Stored under room temperature,the test vegetables had 1～2 times higher nitrite content at the fourth day than at the first day,but storage under low temperature,i.e.,in refrigerator,could hinder the increase of nitrite content in vegetables,and the daily increase was only 1/2～1/6 times of that under room temperature.Abluent could eliminate nitrite effectively,whose efficiency was 1～5 times higher than that of tap water.
    Effects of exogenous jasmonic acidinduced plant responses on development and growth of Plutella xylostella
    LU Yaobin1,2,LIU Shusheng1
    2005, 16(01):  193-195 . 
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    Jasmonic acid (JA) is a naturally occurred growth regulator found in higher plants and a main signal molecule carrying information about injury.Its increased concentration in plants infested by herbivores can induce the wounded plants to produce defense responses which will affect herbivores. The application of exogenous JA to plants could imitate the effects of herbivores infestation.This study showed that applying exogenous JA on cabbage plants did not affect the survival of Plutella xylostella larvae,but retarded their development and reduced the pupal weight and female fecundity.
    Assessing forest ecosystem health Ⅱ A case study
    CHEN Gao, DENG Hongbing, DAI Limin, HAO Zhanqing, WANG Qingli
    2005, 16(1):  1-6. 
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    On the bases of samples investment and related data collected by others,and with the method of health distance assessment and the ecosystem health index system of Korean pine and broad-leaved mixed forest established in prior paper,this paper attempted to assess the ecosystem health of Korean pine and broad-leaved mixed forest under various human disturbances.The results showed that the health degree was in the order of 20% intensity selective cutting stand (0.21) <50% intensity selective cutting stand (0.44) <middle and mature birch stand (0.67) <youth birch stand (0.72) <Korean pine plantation (0.74) <larch plantation (0.77).
    Stem respiration of Pinus koraiensis in Changbai Mountains
    WANG Miao, JI Lanzhu, LI Qiurong, XIAO Dongmei, LIU Hailiang
    2005, 16(1):  7-13. 
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    In this paper,soil respiration chamber,a simple and precise method,was used to measure the stem respiration of trees.LI-6400-09 respiration chamber serving as a system is usually used in soil respiration,but we made polyvinyl chloride (PVC) collar and fixed it on the stem surface to measure the stem respiration.From May to October 2003,the stem respiration of Pinus koraiensis,the dominant tree species in Changbai Mountain,was measured in different time and different places using this technique.Meanwhile,the temperatures in the stems and in the forests were measured.The results showed that the stem respiration rate had a remarkably seasonal tendency with a single peak,the maximum was in August and the minimum was in February.The stem respiration rate had an exponential relationship with stem temperature,and the curve exponential regressions for stem respiration rate and temperature factor of trees with big DBH were better than those with small DBH.The stem respiration in different DBH trees was higher in the south stem face than that in the north stem face,and the variance of respiration rate between south and north decreased with a decrease of DBH trees.During the growing season from May to October,the average maintenance respiration accounted for 63.63% in different DBH trees,and the maintenance respiration contribution to total respiratory consumption increased with increasing DBH,which was 66.76,73.29% and 50.84%,respectively.The tem respiration Q10 values ranged from 2.56～3.32 in different DBH of trees,and the seasonal tendency for stem Rt and Rm in different DBH of trees was obtained by using respiration Q10.Therefore,the differences between different parts of stem and different DBH of trees should be considered in estimating the respiration model in ecosystem.
    Relationship between tree-ring chronology of Larix olgensis in Changbai Mountains and the climae change
    YU Dapao, WANG Shunzhong, TANG Lina, DAI Limin, WANG Qingli, WANG Shaoxian
    2005, 16(1):  14-20. 
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    The relationship of larch (Larix olgensis) radial growth in Changbai Mountains with climate change was assessed by dendrochronological techniques including correlation functions and single-years analysis.The results showed that larch growth was sensitive to environmental change,and temperature was the primary factor affecting larch growth.The larch growing in high and low elevations had a significantly different response to temperature.In high elevation,larch growth was significant correlated to the mean temperature of June,but in low elevation,it had a more complicated relationship to the environment.Besides the mean temperature of April and May,the temperature of last June and September and the humid index of last September significantly correlated with the larch tree ring-width.Therefore,it was not the same relationship of the same tree species with different environmental gradients.
    Root biomass of different stand-age Pinus yunnanensis forests and its distribution pattern in different soil depths
    DENG Kunmei, LUO Tianxiang, ZHANG Lin, WANG Xueyun, LI Changhui
    2005, 16(1):  21-24. 
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    With average-tree-specific sampling method,the authors measured the root biomass of Pinus yunnanensis forests with different stand ages in Yongren County,Yunnan Province.The results indicated that total root biomass increased from 8.50 t·hm-2 in young stand (15～17 yr) to 11.70 t·hm-2 in middle-aged stand (30～32 yr),and to 18.91 t·hm-2 in mature stand (60～130 yr).Among different stand age classes,the biomass of coarse roots (>10 mm) varied greatly (1.5～12.3 t·hm-2),whereas those of medium (5～10 mm) and fine(<5 mm)roots showed less variation (medium roots 1.4～1.6 t·hm-2,fine roots 5.3～6.2 t·hm-2).The root biomass of mature stand decreased with soil depth,approximately 93% of total underground biomass being distributed in surface layer (0～30 cm),and only 7% in deeper layer (30～115 cm).
    Fate of Larix chinensis apex buds and its influence on branching pattern
    ZHAO Xiangjian, WANG Xiaoan
    2005, 16(1):  25-28. 
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    Using box-counting dimension method, this paper investigated the spatial occupation ability of different branching patterns related to the fate of Larix chinensis apex buds. The results showed that typeⅠbranching was beneficial to the branches to extend their spatial occupation, typeⅡbranching was beneficial to spread their areas, and type Ⅲ branching was beneficial both to extend their spatial occupation and to spread their areas. As a whole, the death of apex buds could help branches to improve their spatial occupation ability and energy utilization efficiency, and play an important role in adjusting crown type, and hence, in improving its photosynthesis. The death of Larix chinensis apex buds was probably a compelled result of their rigorous living conditions.
    Ecological plasticity of Larix chinensis population cones and seeds in Qinglin Mountain
    WANG Xiaoan, WANG Zhigao, XIAO Yaping, DUAN Renyan, ZHAO Xiangjian
    2005, 16(1):  29-32. 
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    The study on 13 characters of cones and seeds of 6 Larix chinensis populations in Qinglin Mountain showed that there were significant differences in and among the populations.Except seed width and seed scale width,the other 11 characters were significantly different among populations.The variation coefficients of seed scale length,seed scale width,ratio of scale length to width,seed wing length,and seed wing width were larger among populations than in populations,while those of the other 8 characters were in adverse.Altitude had an obvious influence on the characters of cones and seeds,among which,seed width,scale width,scale length,seed wing length width,scale width,cone width,cone width,and the number of scales had a negative correlation with altitude,the ratio of scale length to width negatively correlated to slope,and scale width positively correlated to annual precipitation.The ratio of seed length to width and that of seed wing length to width showed a negative correlation to altitude.
    Anatomical and nutrient features of plant leaves in Yuanjiang savanna valley
    SONG Fuqiang, CAO Kunfang
    2005, 16(1):  33-38. 
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    Due to rain shadow effect,the valleys in southwestern China mountainous areas have hot and dry climate,and savanna or semi-savanna vegetations occur on the slopes of these valleys.Yuanjiang dry-hot valley is such a valley,which has a distinct dry season of about six months from November to next April.This paper studied the anatomical and nutrient features of the leaves of twenty plant species,including those on upland soils and hilly slopes.The results showed that compared with the species on upland soil and the rain forest,the leaves of the plants from savanna showed more xeromorphic features,such as thicker leaf thickness,greater leaf mass per area (LMA),smaller ratios of spongy/palisade tissues (S:P) and higher stomatal density (SD),which mainly came from the more severe drought in Yuanjiang savanna valley.Seven plant species in the savanna valley showed a shortage of nutrients in their leaves,and the leaf nutrient content was in order of 1.3%>Ca>N>K>1%>Mg>P>S.Savanna had lower leaf mineral element concentrations than rain forest,but higher than other dry forests,including Asian heath forest and Bana forest.The differences in leaf nutrient concentrations between Yuanjiang valley savanna and other dry forests were mainly ascribed to the difference of soil nutrient contents,while those between valley savanna and rainforest were largely determined by the different plant biology.It could be concluded that the leaves of plant species in Yuanjiang savanna valley not only had obvious xeromorphic features,but also were deficit in nutrients.
    Niche of the mosses on floor in Shanghai city
    CHEN Yi, CAO Tong, SONG Guoyuan, YU Jing
    2005, 16(1):  39-43. 
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    The mosses on the floor of 22 sites at 20 main parks and 2 chemical plants in Shanghai were sampled,and 75 moss species were recorded.Their niche breadths were calculated by Levins equation.The results indicated that most moss species had rather narrow niche breadth,68% of them with a niche breadth less than 0.1.The relationship between species number (N) and their niche breadth (B) followed the model N=0.344譭-0.0377B,R=0.9684.The niche overlaps of 39 main moss species (important value >0.1) were calculated by Wang's equation.Based on their niche overlaps,the ordination plot of Principal Axes Analysis (PAA) and the Minimal Spanning Tree (MST) were drawn.The results showed that five ecological groups of the 39 moss species related to different habitats could be identified.
    Age structure and growth pattern of Polytrichum juniperum populations in a mire of Changbai Mountains
    BU Zhaojun, YANG Yunfei, DAI Dan, WANG Xianwei
    2005, 16(1):  44-48. 
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    In this paper, the age structure and growth pattern of two Polytrichum juniperum populations with and without sporophytes in Hani mire of Changbai Mountains were studied by ‘innate annual marker' method. The ramets of both populations were composed of 6 age classes, and their quantity and biomass showed a declining age structure, which was more obvious in the sporophyte produced population. No significant difference of biomass was found (P>0.05) between the two populations. The dry material accumulation of the ramets in both populations increased with aging, and showed similar patterns of linear function. The ramets mean height of sporophyte-produced population was 6.17% shorter (P<0.05) than the another, because sporophyte production limited the height growth. The ramets mean height also increased with aging, and showed similar patterns of linear function. In non-sporophyte produced population, the variation coefficient of ramets height was only 2.44%, which indicated the significance of similar height for ramets survival. In sporophyte produced population, the variation coefficient of ramets height was 25.07%, while that of ramets biomass was 8.25%, suggesting the significance of similar biomass to the reproduction of population. The biomass of ramets had a significantly positive correlation with height in both populations(P<0.001), and no allometric growth was showed.
    CO2 concentration character in broad-leaved Korean pine forest of Changbai Mountains
    WU Jiabing, GUAN Dexin, ZHAO Xiaosong, HAN Shijie, YU Guirui, SUN Xiaomin
    2005, 16(1):  49-53. 
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    The CO2 concentration in broad-leaved Korean pine forest of Changbai Mountains was measured continuously with a CO2 infra-red analyzer in 2003. The results showed that the CO2 concentration in the forest had striking characteristics of temporal-spatial variations, which were mainly influenced by the physiological processes of plants, soil respiration, and intensity of turbulence exchange. In growing season, the daily maximum and minimum CO2 concentration appeared mostly on the surface floor at about 5:00 in the early morning and at canopy location at about 15:00 in the afternoon, respectively. There was an obviously process of forest CO2 emission when the inversion broke at dawn. The average CO2 concentration in forest was 377 μmol·mol-1 in 2003, the maximum of monthly average appeared in January as 388 μmol·mol-1, and the minimum of monthly average appeared in August as 352 μmol·mol-1. The forest acted as CO2 source in night time and turned to sink in daytime, during growing season. In non-growing season, the forest acted as CO2 source in both daytime and night time, but still had a clear evidence of CO2 assimilation at noon, with canopy location during non-growing season.
    Soil nitrogen mineralization under different land use patterns in Xishuangbanna
    LI Mingrui, SHA Liqing
    2005, 16(1):  54-58. 
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    Nitrogen (N) cycle is very important for forest ecosystem,and soil N mineralization rate is often used as the index of soil N availability and its losses.Using Close-Top incubation method,we measured the N mineralization rate in soils (0～15 cm) of monsoon evergreen broadleaf forest,seasonal rain forest,rubber plantation,heavily disturbed seasonal rain forest,Millettia laptobotrya secondary forest and upland rice field.The results showed that the net N mineralization rate and N nitrification rate were decreased in the sequence of heavily disturbed seasonal rain forest > Millettia laptobotrya secondary forest > seasonal rain forest > monsoon evergreen broadleaf forest > rubber plantation > upland rice field.Rubber plantation and upland rice field were the most seriously disturbed land use patterns.Their soil N storage and mineralization rate were very low and exhibited significant variations,compared with other land use patterns.Lower net N mineralization rate correlated with lower N storage,and also,with lower fungi numbers.The N mineralization rate in disturbed forest soil which had recovered for several years was similar to that in primary forest soil,but decreased significantly when the forests were converted to agricultural land.
    Ecological effects of landscape structure on desertification process of Keerqin sandy land
    CHANG Xueli, YU Yunjiang, CAO Yanying, GAO Yubao
    2005, 16(1):  59-64. 
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    By the methods of ANOVA, correlative analysis and regression analysis, this paper studied the ecological effects of landscape structure on desertification process of a typical Keerqin sandy land at spatial and temporal scales. The results showed that any single factor of landscape structure indices had no remarkable impact on desertification (significant at 95%). Principal component analysis (PCA) on the landscape structure indices suggested that landscape structure played an important role in desertification, because it reflected the interaction between natural changes and human being's activities and was the feedback of the interaction. At temporal scale, the contribution rate of the first and second vectors reached 90.26% of total information. There was a single peak in desertification, which indicated that the influence of landscape structure was simple during the past four decades. At spatial scale, the contribution rate of the first and second vectors was up to 80.20%, and there were two peaks in desertification, which indicated that the influence of landscape structure was more complicated at spatial scale than at temporal scale.
    Regional simulation of rice yield change under two emission scenarios of greenhouse gases
    XIONG Wei, XU Yinlong, LIN Erda, LU Zhiguang
    2005, 16(1):  65-68. 
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    Based on the newest emission scenarios of SO2 and greenhouse gases,i.e.,the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)Special Report on Emission Scenarios(SRES)A2 and B2 scenarios,and by using RCM(Regional Climate Model)-PRECIS and CERES-Rice model,this paper simulated the rice yield change in 2080 at 50?50 km scale.The results showed that there was a great range of yield change across whole China.The yield would increase along the Changjiang River and in South China,and decrease in North and Northeast China.Because of the direct effect of CO2 on rice growth,the SRES A2 scenario would be more positive to the increase of rice yield than B2.In 2080,the total rice yield in whole China would increase under A2 emission scenario,while decrease under B2 emission scenario.
    Analysis of paddy field evapotranspiration in North China and calculation of crop coefficient
    WANG Xiaoying, LIANG Wenju, WEN Dazhong
    2005, 16(1):  69-72. 
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    The potential evapotranspiration(ET0)values from 1951 to 2002 for the lower reaches of Liaohe Plain,North China,were estimated by Penman-Monteith equation,and the annual change in ET0 was analyzed.By using non-weighting lysimeters at Shenyang Experimental Station of Ecology(CAS)in North China,the daily evapotranspiration of flooded rice(Oryza sativa L.)at the interval of 10～11 days was determined for eight seasons from 1993～2002(except for 1997 and 1999).The results showed that the total evapotranspiration ranged from 581mm to 695 mm during 1993 and 2002,averaged 634 mm.Both in dry and wet seasons,supplemental irrigation was essential in this region for the uneven distribution of rainfall and time.The average crop coefficient(Kc)for eight years from 1993 to 2002 during the whole growth period was 1.32,with a second-degree polynomial change for the values of Kc during different rice growth stages.
    Response of strawberry leaves photosynthesis to strong light and its mechanism
    XU Kai, GUO Yanping, ZHANG Shanglong, ZHOU Huifen, ZHENG Yi
    2005, 16(1):  73-78. 
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    In this paper,PAM-2000 portable chlorophyll fluorometer and HCM-1000 photosynthesis measurement system were applied to measure the apparent quantum efficiency(AQY),initial fluorescence (Fo),maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm),maximal fluorescence(Fm),photochemical quenching(qP),non-photochemical quenching(qN),actual quantum yield of PSⅡ electron transport (ΦPSII),electron transport rate (ETR),amount of inactive PSⅡ reaction centers (Fi-Fo),QA reduction rate,proportion of QB-non-reducing PSⅡ reaction centers[(Fi-Fo)/(Fp-Fo)],and energy-dependent quenching (qE),photoinhibitory quenching (qI) and state-transition quenching (qT) of non-photochemical quenching of strawberry leaves.The results showed that the Fv/Fm,Fm,Fi-Fo and QA reduction rate decreased in strong light and increased during subsequent dark recovery,but (Fi-Fo)/(Fp-Fo) was in reverse.They changed drastically within the first 10 minutes in strong light or in subsequent darkness.In strong light,ΦPSII,ETR and qP increased firstly and then decreased,while qN decreased drastically firstly and then increased slightly.After exposure to strong light for 4 hours,the AQY of two varieties “Toyonoka" and “Houkouwase" decreased by 20.9% and 37.5%,respectively,and qE was 89.1% and 87.1%,respectively in NPQ (qE+qI+qT).In strong light,“Toyonoka" showed less changes than “Houkouwase" in Fo,Fv/Fm,Fm,ETR,ΦPSII and AQY.After treated with DTT,the Fv/Fm and Fm were lower,but Fo was much higher than control.It is deduced that in strong light,xanthophyll cycle-dependent non-radiative energy dissipation and pH-dependent heat dissipation could play an important protective role against photo-damage to the photosynthetic apparatus in strawberry leaves.
    Dynamics of soil phenols in continuous cropping solar greenhouse and their effects on disease resistance-related enzyme activities in cucumber root
    MA Yunhua, WEI Min, WANG Xiufeng
    2005, 16(1):  79-82. 
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    The study showed that under solar greenhouse condition,the contents of soil p-hydroxybenzoic acid,ferulic acid and benzoic acid and their total amounts increased with increasing continuous cropping years,and were obviously higher after continuously cropped for 5,7 and 9 years than for 1 and 3 years.Different concentration of soil phenols resulted in completely different effects on disease resistance-related enzyme activities in cucumber root,e.g.,under lower concentrations (40 and 80 μg·g-1),the activities of phenylalanine(PAL),ployphenol oxidase(PPO) and peroxidase(POD) were increased,while under higher levels (120 and 160 μg·g-1),they were restrained.Therefore,the changes of soil phenol contents in continuous cropping solar greenhouse could be one of the essential factors affecting the disease-resistance of cucumber.
    Effects of soil moisture on photosynthetic characteristics of different specialized end-uses winter wheat at their later growth stages and on their yields
    MA Xinming, XIONG Shuping, LI Lin, ZHANG Juanjuan, HE Jianguo
    2005, 16(1):  83-87. 
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    In this study,pot experiments with various cultivars of specialized end-uses winter wheat were carried out at Henan Agricultural University Research Station during 2001～2003.The results showed that as for cultivar Yumai 34,the values of its chlorophyll meter(SPAD),PSII activity (Fv/Fo) and maximal PSII light energy transformation efficiency (Fv/Fm) were the highest when soil moisture content was at 60% of field capacity (FC),but the photochemical quenching coefficient (qP),non-photochemical quenching coefficient (qN),apparent photosynthetic electron transport rate(ETR) and the ratio of PSII photochemical quantum yield (Ф2) were all increased at 80% of FC.For high-yielding cultivar Yumai 49,its SPAD,qP,qN and ETR were higher at 80% of FC,but Fv/Fo,Fv/Fm and Ф2 were less affected by FC.For cultivar Yumai 50,the values of its photosynthetic characteristics were the highest at 80% of FC,except that the qN value was the lowest.The yield and the relative content of grain protein of cultivar Yumai 34 were also increased at 60% of FC.Furthermore,there was a significant difference among grain yields.The relative contents of grain protein of cultivars Yumai 49 and 50 were improved at 40% of FC,while the highest yields were obtained at 80% of FC.There were significant differences in the grain yields of Yumai 49 and 50 among different soil moisture treatments.
    Variation of soil temperature before and after cultivation of marsh and its effect on soil thermal regime
    SONG Changchun, WANG Yiyong, YAN Baixing, Zhang Jinbo, LOU Yanjing
    2005, 16(1):  88-92. 
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    Marsh has important ecological and environmental functions and is sensitive to the global climate change,while the variation of soil temperature could better indicate the climate fluctuation.Our study showed that the annual and seasonal dynamic changes of soil temperature in marsh showed distinctly “sinusoid" character curve,whereas the mean annual temperature of different soil depths showed “U" feature.From May to September,the mean temperature at the topsoil (10 cm) of uncultivated marsh was 11.69±3.04℃,while that of cultivated marsh was 15.80±3.41 ℃.The soil respiration rate of uncultivated marsh in August and September was 156.41±76.91 mg·m-2 ·h-1 and 116.75±57.43 mg·m-2·h-1,accounted for 14.6% and 13.1 % of that of cultivated marsh,respectively.The soil temperature was significantly positively correlated with soil respiration.
    Humus composition of black soil and its organo-mineral complexes under different fertility level
    ZHAO Lanpo, WANG Jie, LIU Jingshuang, LIU Shuxia, WANG Yanling, WANG Hongbin, ZHANG Zhidan
    2005, 16(1):  93-99. 
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    Determinations by Kumada method showed that with the improvement of black soil fertility,the free and combined humus contents in soil and its different size organo-mineral complexes increased,but the humification degree of free humus decreased,which was more obvious in silt and fine sand size complexes.The organic carbon content in complexes,humus extraction rate,free humus content,and humification degree of free humic acid decreased with the increasing particle size of complexes.All free humic acids in fertile soil were Rp type,while in unfertile soil,they were Rp and B type.With the increasing particle size of complexes,the type of free humic acids changed in the sequence A type(clay)→B type(silt)→Rp type(fine sand).Combined form humic acid mainly belonged to A type,no matter what particle size the complex was.The improvement of soil fertility could make the humification degree of free humus in soil and its complexes decrease,and furthermore,result in type change.In black soil,the type change of free humic acid mainly occurred in silt size complex,and that of combined form humic acid mainly occurred in fine sand size complex.
    Effects of N application and maize growth on N2O emission from soil
    YANG Lanfang, CAI Zucong
    2005, 16(1):  100-104. 
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    With pot experiment and using static chamber-GC technique,this paper studied the effects of N application(150 and 300 mg穔g-1 soil)and maize growth on N2O emission from soil.In maize-planted soil,the N2O emission rate increased with increasing N application rate,its peak appeared at seedling stage,and there was no significant correlation between N2O emission and air temperature.Contrarily,in bare soil,the peak of N2O emission rate occurred at the anaphase of the experiment,and there was a significant exponential correlation between N2O emission and air temperature.The total amount of N2O emission increased remarkably with increasing N application rate in both planted and bare soils.In comparing with bare soil,maize-planting reduced N2O emission by 92% and 87%,respectively at high and low N application rates,which suggested that maize-planting not only affected the seasonal variation and magnitude of N2O emission from soil,but also altered the relationship between air temperature and soil N2O emission.
    Effects of soil water status on gas exchange of peanut and early rice leaves
    CHEN Jiazhou, L? Guoan, HE Yuanqiu
    2005, 16(1):  105-110. 
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    The gas exchange characteristics of peanut and early rice leaves were investigated in experimental plots under different soil water conditions over a long growth period.The results showed that at the branching stage of peanut,the stomatal conductance(Gs)and transpiration rate(Tr)decreased slightly under mild and moderate soil water stress,while the net photosynthetic rate(Pn)and leaf water use efficiency (WUE) increased.The Gs/Tr ratio also increased under mild water stress,but decreased under moderate water stress.At podding stage,the Gs,Tr,Gs/Tr ratio and Pn decreased,while WUE increased significantly under mild and moderate water stress.The peanut was suffered from water stress at its pod setting stage.At the grain filling stage of early rice,the Gs,Tr and Gs/Tr ratio fluctuated insignificantly under mild and moderate water stress,while Pn and WUE increased significantly,with an increase in grain yield under mild water stress.It's suggested that the combination of Gs and Gs/Tr ratio could be a reference index for crop water stress,namely,crops could be hazarded by water stress when Gs and Gs/Tr decreased synchronously.
    Effects of high concentration CO2 on lily growth and its two allelochemicals
    WEI Shenglin
    2005, 16(1):  111-114. 
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    Under greenhouse condition,this paper studied the effects of different concentrations CO2 to the growth of oriental yellow poly-bud cut lily and to the two allelochemicals in lily leaves.The results showed that the optimum CO2 concentration for Pn was 600 μmol·mol-1.There was less impact on photosynthesis when continually supplying 600～1 000 μmol·mol-1 CO2 for 45 days,probably due to the photosynthesis adaptability of new bulblets.600 μmol·mol-1 CO2 could increase the stem height about 0.57 grades,and also had a positive effect on the growth of color bud.600 μmol·mol-1 and 800 μmol·mol-1 CO2 could markedly increase the contents of polyphenols and flavonoids in lily leaves,and there was no plant leaves withered,because the appropriate concentrations CO2 was beneficial to the Pn and to the formation and transformation of carbohydrates and allelochemicals,which increased the premunition of the plant.The contents of polyphenols and flavonoids in lily leaves reached the maximum when the concentration of CO2 was 600 μmol·mol-1.
    Effects of transgenes insertion on pollen vigor and hybrid seed set of rice
    WEI Xinghua, YUAN Xiaoping, YU Hanyong, WANG Yiping, TANG Shengxiang, LIAO Xiyuan
    2005, 16(1):  115-118. 
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    In this paper,the effects of transgenes insertion on the outcross potentiality of rice varieties were assessed by pollen vigor and hybrid seed set.The in vitro pollen germination rates of five transgenic rice lines transformed respectively with bar,crylAb,BADH and Xa21 gene were investigated,and compared with their relative receptor rice varieties.The results showed that there existed a significant difference in in vitro pollen germination rates between receptor rice varieties,but no significant difference was found between transgenic rice varieties and their relative receptors.The in vitro pollen germination rate for transgenic rice varieties varied from 0.416 to 0.584,similar to that of their relative receptors(0.400～0.574).Investigation on the hybrid seed set of 26 hand-crosses showed that the inserted bar or crylAb gene had a significant effect on the hybrid seed set of receptors,while the effect of Xa21 gene was smaller.The hybrid seed set rate of non-transgenic rice in crosses with transgenic rice(pollen donor)was from 0.056 to 0.413,not different from that in crosses with their relative receptors(0.052～0.417).It's suggested that transgenes insertion had little effect on the outcross potentiality of rice varieties.
    An approach to the screening index for low phosphorous tolerant rice genotype
    LI Yongfu, LUO Ancheng, WANG Weimu, YANG Changdeng, YANG Xiao'e
    2005, 16(1):  119-124. 
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    Screening and breeding low phosphorous(P)tolerant rice genotype is one of the effective alternatives to alleviate the scarcity of mineral P resource and to increase the utilization efficiency of P fertilizer.Selecting a simple and scientific screening index plays an important role in the screening and breeding program.In this study,a hydroponic culture experiment and a field trial were carried out to approach the screening index for low P tolerant rice genotypes.The results showed that among all the rice characters studied,total dry weight demonstrated a significant genotypic variation at both normal and low P supply(the CV was 21.73% and 19.54%,respectively).Relative total dry weight(low P supply/normal P supply)also demonstrated significant genotypic variation(CV was 19.60%),which was significantly correlated to relative root dry weight,relative plant height,relative total P uptake,relative shoot P accumulation,relative P utilization efficiency and relative P concentration(P<0.01).Therefore,the relative total dry weight of rice would be an important evaluation or screening index for the low P tolerance ability of rice at its seedling stage.The relative total dry weight of rice in hydroponic culture system was not correlated to the relative grain yield(minus-P/plus-P)in field trial,which meant that it could not be used as an index to evaluate the low P tolerance ability of rice.The internal P utilization efficiency of rice grown in low P solution was significantly correlated to that of rice grown in P-deficient soil(r=0.798**,n=8).Therefore,screening rice genotypes by using internal P utilization efficiency of rice grown in low P solution at seedling stage as screening index and subsequently testing in field trial would probably be an effective alternative to screen rice genotype with high P utilization efficiency.
    A comparative study on asynchronous hatching and nestling growth of three heron species
    ZHU Xi, LI Zaiguo, CHEN Weizhen
    2005, 16(1):  125-128. 
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    The study on the asynchronous hatching and nestling growth of three heron species (Ardeola bacchus,Egretta garzetta,Nycticorax nycticorax) in laboratory and field at the Changshan and Yuhang heron reserve in Zhejiang Province in 1996～1999 showed that the herons migrated to the reserve in the first and second ten days of April,and left in late September.The average hatching period was 23.0 days for Ardeola bacchus,23.9 days for Egretta garzetta,and 25.3 days for Nycticorax nycticorax.Nycticorax nycticoraxEgretta garzetta (86.98%) and Ardeola bacchus (76.23%).The hatch ability of Nycticorax nycticorax (3.50) was higher than those of Egretta garzetta (3.38) and Ardeola bacchus (3.21).The increase of nestling weight was negatively related to the adult body size,but positively related to the hatching order.All nestlings developed well at their early growth stage,and then,there existed a significant difference among the nestlings based on the hatching order.The growth curves of the first three nestlings were similar and obviously better than that of the fourth,which indicated that early-hatched nestlings could obtain enough food,while the last one might be short of food.The optimal hatching quantity of the three heron species was assumed to be three offsprings.
    Simulation of Plutella xylostella population control by granulosis virus
    HE Yurong, L? Lihua
    2005, 16(1):  129-132. 
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    By means of the life table of acting factors combinations and the theory of modern population system control,this paper evaluated the efficacy of different combinations of application dosage and times of granulosis virus on Plutella xylostella control.The results showed that with gradually recovered natural enemies,the second generation of Plutella xylostella in the field of spring flowering Chinese cabbage would increase 4.1 times if no control methods were carried out to the first generation.After applying a suspension of 0.25LE/L(Larval equivalent)two times,the egg and larval numbers of the second generation Plutella xylostella were reduced significantly,but the index of population increase was still beyond 1,while applying a suspension of 0.5 LE/L two times or 1LE/L one time at the peak of 2nd instar larvae of the 1st generation could significantly reduce the egg and larval numbers,and the index of population increase was only 0.13.Therefore,if used appropriately,the granulosis virus originated from Plutella xylostella could control the damage of Plutella xylostella effectively.
    Accumulation of La(NO3)3 in mice liver and its genetic toxicity
    WANG Yang, NIE Liuwang, CHEN Wen, ZHANG Jifeng, CHEN Qilong
    2005, 16(1):  133-136. 
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    By using ICP-MS method,this paper determined the accumulation of La in mice liver after the mice being fed with La(NO3)3 water solution for thirty days,and through in vitro experiment,studied the effect of La(NO3)3 on the micronucleus rate of mice bone marrow cells and the cleavage action of La(NO3)3 on genome DNA to investigate the genetic toxicity of La.The results showed that when the treated concentration was 1 000,500,300 and 50 μg·ml-1,the amount of La in mice liver reached 1.46,0.558,0.529 and 0.083 μg·g-1,respectively.Compared with control,the La amount in disposed groups' mice livers increased with increasing La(NO3)3 concentration in water(r=0.980).T-test results showed that there existed significant differences in 1 000,500 and 300 μg·ml-1 disposed groups when compared with the control(P<0.05).The micronucleus rate of mice bone marrow cells increased with increasing La(NO3)3 concentration in water(r=0.853).The in vitro experiments showed that La(NO3)3 could make DNA cleaved.It could be concluded that that La might be accumulated in organisms,and could induce the damage of genetic material in cells.
    Allelopathy of root exudates from two genotypes soybeans on root rot pathogenic fungi
    HAN Limei, JU Huiyan, YANG Zhenming
    2005, 16(1):  137-141. 
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    With biological simulation experiment and chemical analysis,this paper studied the allelopathy of carbohydrates,amino acids and organic acids in the root exudates from two genotypes soybeans (9536 and Jilin 30) on the pathogenic fungi of root rot.The results showed that the water soluble carbohydrates in the root exudates from test soybeans significantly promoted the growth of Fusarium oxysporium and Fusarium semitectum at low concentrations and inhibited their growth at high concentrations,but had no evident influence on Gliocladium roseum.The water soluble amino acids from the root exudates demonstrated different actions, i.e.,at middle and high concentrations,those from 9536 significantly inhibited the growth of Fusarium oxysporium,Fusarium semitectum and Gliocladium roseum,while those from Jilin 30 mostly promoted their growth.The organic acids from the root exudates of 9536 and Jilin 30 significantly inhibited the growth of Fusarium oxysporium,Fusarium semitectum and Gliocladium roseum.It's suggested that there existed interactions between the root exudates of the two genotypes soybeans and the pathogenic fungi of root rot.Different genotypes of soybean may have different allelopathy on pathogenic fungi of root rot.
    Construction of Bacillus thuringiensis labeled recombinant strain and horizontal transfer of its cry1A_C10 gene
    ZHOU Qin, SUN Ming, LI Lin, YANG Zaiqing, YU Ziniu
    2005, 16(1):  142-146. 
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    A recombinant plasmid pBMBZGC10 was obtained by the ligation of gfp-cry1Ac10 fusion gene and vector plasmid pAD4412,which was then introduced by gene pulser into acrystalliferous strain CryB,and a recombinant strain CryB(pBMBZGC10)was obtained.Different fermentative solutions of recombinant strain were used for multi-spraying on Brassica pekinesis,Ipomoea aquatica and Lycopersicon esculentum leaves.The results of fluorescent detection and PCR amplification revealed that cry1Ac10 gene did not transfer into indigenous bacteria,actinomyces and fungi in test soil,and could not be detected in roots,stems and leaves of test plants.
    Field distribution pattern and metabolic activity of AM fungi and their effects on Ipomoea batatas growth
    GAI Jingping, FENG Gu, LI Xiaolin
    2005, 16(1):  147-150. 
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    The study showed that after eight weeks of inoculating sweet potato seedlings with AM fungus Glomus intraradices BEG141 under field condition,the shoot dry weight,individuals of tuber and their fresh weight,as well as the P uptake by the plant increased significantly.Compared with the control,the root colonization rate,extraradical hyphal density and intraradical alkaline phosphatase(ALP)activity were greatly increased.After inoculation with BEG141,the total and succinate dehydrogenase(SDH)-active hyphae paralleling with ridge were much more than those in underside direction,while there was no significant difference in different directions in the control.The increase of intra-and extraradical active hyphae density and the change of AM fungus distribution pattern after inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi may be the main reasons for the growth improvement of sweet potato.
    Ecological relationships among artificial vegetations during their restoration in Antaibao mining area
    ZHANG Guilian, ZHANG Jintun, GUO Xiaoyu
    2005, 16(1):  151-155. 
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    By the methods of TWINSPAN,DCA and DCCA,and from the aspects of the relations between plant species,communities and environmental factors,this paper studied the ecological relationships among artificial vegetations during their restoration in Antaibao mining area.63 collected quadrates were classified into 12 community types by TWINSPAN,and the distribution of the communities could comprehensively reflect the influence of environmental factors.DCA ordination indicated that soil water content,which was increased with restoration time,was the main factor restricting the distribution of the communities.DCCA ordination showed that soil organic matter content was the decisive factor to the development of communities.
    Comparison of nutrient removal ability between Cyperus alternifolius and Vetiveria zizanioides in constructed wetlands
    LIAO Xindi, LUO Shiming, WU Yinbao, WANG Zhisan
    2005, 16(1):  156-160. 
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    In order to compare the nutrient removal ability of Cyperus alternifolius and Vetiveria zizanioides,a 17.0 m2 subsurface flow wetland covered with Cyperus alternifolius and another 13.3 m2 one covered with Vetiveria zizanioides were constructed for piggery wastewater treatment,and the biomass as well as the N,P,Cu and Zn contents in the root and shoot of the plants was measured by the end of each season.The results showed that the below-ground biomass of V.zizanioides was greater than that of C.alternifolius.By the contrary,the above-ground biomass of C.alternifolius was greater than that of V.zizanioides.The annual biomass yield of C.alternifolius was 2.3 times higher than that of V.zizanioides,which was 3406.47g·m-2 and 1483.88 g·m-2,respectively.The N concentration in C.alternifolius tissue was higher than that in V.zizanioides tissue,being 22.69 mg·g-1 and 15.44 mg·g-1 respectively,and similarly,the P concentration in C.alternifolius tissue was higher than that in V.zizanioides tissue,being 6.09 mg·g-1 and 5.47 mg·g-1 respectively.The Cu and Zn concentrations in C.alternifolius tissue were a little higher than those in V.zizanioides.68.72 g N·m-2 and 18.49 g P·m-2 were removed by harvesting C.alternifolius vegetation,while 8.93 g N·m-2 and 3.69 g·P m-2 were removed by harvesting V.zizanioides vegetation.It was concluded that the removals of N,P,Cu and Zn by harvesting vegetation were 4～7 times higher in C.alternifolius wetland than in V.zizanioides wetland.
    Tolerance of Arundo donax to heavy metals
    HAN Zhiping, HU Zhenghai
    2005, 16(1):  161-165. 
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    This paper studied the tolerance of Arundo donax grown in a simulated heavy metals polluted wetland,and determined the biological characters and chlorophyll contents of the plant at its different growth stages as well as the changes of soil heavy metals contents.The results showed that Arundo donax could survive in the wetland when the concentrations of Cu2+,Pb2+,Cd2+,Zn2+,Ni2+ and Hg2+ were 100 mg·kg-1 and Cr6+ concentration was 50 mg·kg-1.During 40 days growth period,the chlorophyll content decreased by 20%～56% and the leaf became soft with its tip withered,but the plant still grew.Compared with control,Arundo donax in the polluted wetland was slight and yellow-green,but the impact on plant height was inconspicuous.Arundo donax treated with 100 mg·kg-1 Cr6+ grew slowly with its root stock rotted,and its leaves withered in a short time,indicating that the plant could not tolerate the pollution of high concentration Cr6+.The concentrations of soil heavy metals declined with the growth of the plant,probably due to the translocation of heavy metals from peripheral soil to rhizosphere and the phytoextraction and phytovolatilization,because the heavy metals contents in rhizosphere were much higher than those in the bulk soil in the test jar.The characters of large biomass,exuberant root and good adaptability of Arundo donax suggested its great potential in remediation of polluted soils.The study on the application of Arundo donax to phytoremediation is of realistic significance.
    Effects of aluminum stress on photosynthetic characters of soybean
    YING Xiaofang, LIU Peng
    2005, 16(1):  166-170. 
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    With three soybean (Glycine max) varieties Zhechun No.2,Zhechun No.3 and 9703 as test materials,this paper studied the effects of different aluminum(Al)concentration on their photosynthetic characters.The results showed that the leaf chlorophyll content decreased by 5%～35% when Al concentration increased.Al also affected various physiological functions,e.g.,stomatal resistance increased by 10%～35%,stomatal conductance decreased by 10%～40%,photosynthetic and transpiration rate decreased by 5%～40% and 20%～50%,respectively,and water utilization efficiency decreased by 15%～50%.Al stress could inhibit the photosynthesis of soybean leaves,and the inhibition was more serious in vegetative than in reproductive growth period.In addition,three test soybean varieties had definite genetic difference in response to Al toxicity.
    Phototactic behavior of Daphnia carinata as an indicator of chromium biotoxicity
    WU Yonggui, HUANG Jianguo, YUAN Ling
    2005, 16(1):  171-174. 
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    The study on the phototactic behavior of Daphnia carinata clone Dc42 as an indicator of chromium biotoxicity showed that the phototaxis inhibition ratio (Rpi) of D.carinata could better indicate the chromium status in water.There was a negative linear correlation between phototactic index (Ip) and Cr6+ concentration in standardized K2Cr2O7 solutions (R2=0.8089,P<0.001).The detection limit of Cr6+ by Ip was 0.056 mg稬-1,much lower than that of LC50 or EC50,and the mean precision index for detection reached up to 5.46%,which suggested the sensitivity,precision and reliability of this method in monitoring chemicals biotoxicity.
    Eco-toxicity diagnosis on sediments of petroleum wastewater irrigation channel
    SONG Yufang, ZHOU Qixing, SONG Xueying, ZHANG Wei, SUN Tieheng
    2005, 16(1):  175-179. 
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    Sediment samples were collected from several sites in the upper,mid and lower reaches of the petroleum wastewater irrigation channel in eastern Shenyang of China,and the concentrations of their Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd and mineral oil were analyzed.The results showed that the pollutants were accumulated in all of sediment samples,with 408～118 300 mg·kg-1 mineral oil,17.83～78.53 mg·kg-1 Cu,35.76～155.16 mg·kg-1 Zn,8.50～31.03 mg·kg-1 Pb and 0.1～1.0 mg·kg-1 Cd.The sediments showed an inhibition or stimulation effect on plant root elongation and a lethal and sub-lethal effect on earthworm.The inhibition rate of root elongation based on germination test was-29.81 to 93.8%.During 14 d exposure,the maximum mortality rate of earworm was 100%,and during 14d and 28d exposure,the inhibition rate of its body weight growth was-36.6%～-6.08% and -40.4%～6.1%,respectively.The study indicated that a long-term irrigation with petroleum wastewater resulted in the accumulation of pollutants in channel sediments and enhanced eco-toxicity.
    Evaluation on self-pollution of marine culture in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea
    CUI Yi, CHEN Bijuan, CHEN Jufa
    2005, 16(1):  180-185. 
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    This paper studied the respective contribution of feeding and non-feeding marine culture on seawater and red tide occurrence.The results showed that the annual output of marine had a positive correlation with the nutrients and COD in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea,of which,the correlation between DIN content and shrimp yield was significant.The output also had a positive correlation with the occurrence times of red tide recorded in the Yellow and Sea Bohai Sea.These results illustrated that the self-pollution of marine culture had a significant influence on the eutrophication and red tide occurred in the neighboring waters.It was estimated that the amounts of N,P and COD entered into seawater through the marine culture in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea accounted for 2.8%,5.3% and 1.8% of the amounts of corresponding land-based pollutants entered to the sea,respectively.Although the discharge of the pollutants produced by marine culture was less than that produced by other human activities,some local waters,especially dense marine culture areas,would bring out some additive effects on environment.Therefore,the pollutants discharged by marine culture were very likely to be an important factor stimulating the eutrophication and red tide occurrence in coastal waters,which should be paid adequate attention.
    Interrelation between plant species diversity and soil environmental factors in bird island of Qinghai Lake
    WANG Shunzhong, CHEN Guichen, BAI Yuping, ZHOU Guoying, SUN Jing
    2005, 16(1):  186-188. 
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    The study on the relationship between plant species diversity and soil factors in the bird island of Qinghai Lake indicated that this island was a low diversity district,its Shannon-Wienner index and species richness decreased with the increasing soil available K,water soluble salt concentration and pH,and there were significant linear and quadratic correlations between them.Stepwise linear regressions showed that soil available K and water soluble salt were the key factors to estimate Shannon-Wienner index and species richness in this island,respectively,and no correlation was found between species evenness and soil factors.
    Nitrite content of common vegetables in Wuhu City
    WANG Youbao, HUANG Wei, LIU Dengyi
    2005, 16(1):  189-192. 
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    Laboratory analysis was carried out to study the nitrite content and its affecting factors of 10 common vegetables in terminal markets of Wuhu City.The results showed that the nitrite content of root or stem-and fruit vegetables was lower than the national standard,but that of leaf vegetables exceeded the standard seriously.The nitrite in vegetables increased significantly with storage time.Stored under room temperature,the test vegetables had 1～2 times higher nitrite content at the fourth day than at the first day,but storage under low temperature,i.e.,in refrigerator,could hinder the increase of nitrite content in vegetables,and the daily increase was only 1/2～1/6 times of that under room temperature.Abluent could eliminate nitrite effectively,whose efficiency was 1～5 times higher than that of tap water.
    Effects of exogenous jasmonic acid-induced plant responses on development and growth of Plutella xylostella
    LU Yaobin, LIU Shusheng
    2005, 16(1):  193-195. 
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    Jasmonic acid (JA) is a naturally occurred growth regulator found in higher plants and a main signal molecule carrying information about injury.Its increased concentration in plants infested by herbivores can induce the wounded plants to produce defense responses which will affect herbivores.The application of exogenous JA to plants could imitate the effects of herbivores infestation.This study showed that applying exogenous JA on cabbage plants did not affect the survival of Plutella xylostella larvae,but retarded their development and reduced the pupal weight and female fecundity.