Table of Content

20 April 2019, Volume 30 Issue 4

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Nitrogen transformation of stable ammonium fertilizer in black soil and cinnamon soil

YOU Lun-cheng, LI Dong-po, WU Zhi-jie, CUI Lei, YAN Zeng-hui, ZHANG Jin-ming, CUI Yong-kun, LIU Yu

2019, 30(4):  1079-1087.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201904.028

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A chamber culture experiment was conducted to measure soil nitrogen transformation following application of stabilized ammonium fertilizers in black soil and cinnamon soil. There were three application levels (0.20, 0.50, 1.00 g N·kg^-1 dry soil, respectively) of nitrogen fertilizer. The results showed that nitrification gradually delayed with the increased amount of ammonium application in the cinnamon soil. The treatment of 1.00 g N·kg^-1 significantly inhibited nitrification. Nitrification in the cinnamon soil occurred at day 3 and day 7 with 0.20, 0.50 g N·kg^-1 dry soil respectively. In the black soil, nitrification occurred at day 3 in all treatments, with nitrification potential decreasing with the increases of ammonium application amount. Nitrification maintained three weeks and two weeks under treatment of 0.20 g N·kg^-1 dry soil in cinnamon soil and in black soil, and maintained four weeks and three weeks under treatment of 0.50 g N·kg^-1 dry soil. The application with nitrification inhibitors 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) of 1.0% of total nitrogen and dicyandiamide (DCD) of 4.0% of total nitrogen significantly inhibited nitrification, decreased nitrate concentration and nitrification potential. Our results suggested that nitrification would be inhibited as increased ammonium amount in cinnamon and higher than in black soil. In addition, nitrification was significantly inhibited under the ammonium addition rate of 0.20, 0.50 g N·kg^-1 dry soil with nitrification inhibitor. Therefore, for the nitrification inhibitor culture experi-ment, it is recommended that the amount of ammonium addition does not exceed 1.00 g N·kg^-1 dry soil, and the best concentration is 0.50 g N·kg^-1 dry soil.

Effects of combined application of pig manure with urea on grain yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency in rice-wheat rotation system

LIANG Jing-yue, WANG Chang-quan, LI Bing, LONG Si-fan, CHEN Lan

2019, 30(4):  1088-1096.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201904.031

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To examine the effects of pig manure application on dry matter production, nitrogen accumulation and distribution, grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of rice and wheat, the field trial was conducted with wheat 863 and rice 498. Fertilization treatments consisted of seven rates of organic manure supply: control (CK, no chemical nitrogen fertilizer, no pig manure), conventional fertilizing (T₁, no pig manure), 2500 kg·hm^-2 pig manure with 75% conventional fertilizing (T₂), 5000 kg·hm^-2 pig manure with 50% conventional fertilizing (T₃), 10000 kg·hm^-2 pig manure (T₄), 15000 kg·hm^-2 pig manure (T₅) and 20000 kg·hm^-2 pig manure (T₆). Combined application of pig manure with chemical fertilizer promoted dry matter accumulation of rice and wheat throughout the growing season. At the maturity stage of rice and wheat, the highest aboveground dry matter accumulation presented under highest pig manure input (T₆). The dry matter accumulation and nitrogen distribution were enriched in stem or leaf. The dry matter accumulation and nitrogen distribution rate in grain at T₆ was significantly lower than T₂ treatment. The high-est nitrogen fertilizer partial productivity, fertilizer agronomic efficiency and grain yield of rice pre-sented at T₃ treatment, which increased by 11.4%, 55.4%, 11.4% than that of conventional chemical fertilizer treatment, respectively. These vaules for wheat were at T₂, which was 14.0%, 29.1%, 14.0% higher than that of conventional fertilizer treatment, respectively. The combined application of pig manure with appropriate rates of chemical fertilizer (T₂ and T₃) could promote dry matter accumulation, the migration of nitrogen to grains, the increase of yield and the nitrogen use efficiency. Too much pig manure input (15000-20000 kg·hm^-2) could lead to excessive supply of nitrogen for crops. In this case, the transportation of dry matter to economic organs would be blocked and the nitrogen enriched to stem. The late-maturing phenomenon occurred, resulting in significant decrease of grain yield.

Impacts of one-off fertilization on nitrogen leaching and economic benefits for rice-rape rotation system

DING Wu-han, XIE Hai-kuan, XU Chi, DAI Zhen, ZHANG Jing, WANG Li-gang, LI Hu

2019, 30(4):  1097-1109.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201904.021

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One-off fertilization is a new technology of one-time applying base fertilizer near the rhizosphere during whole crop cultivation period. It has the advantages of simplifying fertilization manage-ment and reducing labor costs, but its impacts on environment, such as leaching characteristics need further analysis. We set five treatments in the typical rice-rape rotation system in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, including control treatment (CK), farmers’ practice treatment (FP), optimal fertilizer treatment (OPT), one-off application of urea fertilizer treatment (UA) and one-off application of controlled release urea treatment (CRF). Using in situ leaching monitoring method, nitrogen (N) leaching characteristics at 90 cm depth of soil in rice-rape rotation system under different treatments were obtained, the impacts of one-off fertilization on N lea-ching were evaluated and its economic benefits were comprehensively analyzed. The results showed that the main forms of N in leachate were different for rape and rice. In the rape season, NO₃^--N was the major component of leachate, while for rice season NO₃^--N and NH₄⁺-N were equally important. In the whole rotation period, the inorganic N leaching mainly occurred in the rice season, and compared with FP, OPT and UA, the total amount of inorganic N leached by CRF were significantly reduced by 33.7%, 20.8%, and 20.7%, respectively. However, the effects of different fertilization treatments on N leaching in rape season were not significantly different. Under the same N application rates, compared with OPT, UA ensured the stable yield of rape and rice and significantly increased the NAE in rape season by 15.1%, but failed to improve the NAE in rice season. There was no significant difference between OPT and CRF in rice yield and NAE, but rape yield and NAE of CRF significantly increased by 10.7% and 18.9%, respectively. From the economic front, compared with OPT, UA and CRFincreased rapeseed income by 3660 and 3048 yuan·hm^-2, and rice income by 3162 and 2220 yuan·hm^-2. Therefore, considering the effects of various fertilizer treatments on N leaching, crop yield, and economic benefits, one-off base fertilization application of controlled release fertilizer technology could ensure stable or increase crop yields, and improve farmers’ income, while significantly reduce the inorganic N leaching loss. Such technology is recommended for future rice-rape rotation cultivation.

Effects of biochar addition on enzyme activity and fertility in paddy soil after six years

XU Yun-xiang, HE Li-li, LIU Yu-xue, LYU Hao-hao, WANG Yu-ying, CHEN Jin-yuan, YANG Sheng-mao

2019, 30(4):  1110-1118.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201904.002

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A field experiment was conducted to examine the effects on soil fertility and enzyme activities in paddy field after six years of one-split rice straw-derived biochar [0 (BC₀), 7.5(BC₁), 15(BC₂), 22.5(BC₃) t·hm^-2] and rice straw (3.75 t·hm^-2, STR) application. The results showed that soil organic carbon, available phosphorus and rapidly available potassium concentrations significantly increased, by 34.6%, 12.4% and 26.2%, respectively. Soil pH and soil bulk density were significantly reduced, but total nitrogen content had no significant difference compared with BC₀. Biochar addition significantly increased the activities of soil urease and acid phosphatase. The soil fluorescein diacetate (FDA hydrolase) and arylsulfatase activity were inhibited to varying degrees. Among them, BC₂ treatment increased soil urease activity by 36.5%. The soil acid phosphatase activity increased with the increases of biochar application rate, which was positively correlated with soil available phosphorus concentration. FDA hydrolase and urease activity had positive correlation with soil available potassium content, while soil acid phosphatase and arylsulfatase activity had positive correlation with soil bulk density. After six years, soil dehydrogenase and polyphenol oxidase activity significantly increased by 48.8% and 27.5%, respectively, while catalase activity significantly decreased when compared with control BC₀. STR treatment increased activities of soil urease, FDA hydrolase, dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and arylsulfatase significantly, while decreased the catalase and polyphenol oxidase activities by 23.4% and 15.9%, respectively.

Effects of silicon fertilizer on nitrogen and phosphorus contents in the rice-surface water-soil of paddy field

XIONG Li-ping, CAI Jia-pei, ZHU Jian, PENG Hua, LI Chang-jun, JI Xiong-hui

2019, 30(4):  1127-1134.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201904.032

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Examining the effects of silicon fertilizer on the yield of double-cropping rice and the leaching loss of soil nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) could provide a basis for the optimization of formula fertilizer and the comprehensive control technique of agricultural surface source pollution in typical double cropping paddy field. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of silicon fertilizer of 0, 750, 1500, 2250 and 3000 kg·hm^-2(T₀, T₁, T₂, T₃, T₄) on yield and N and P absorption of double-cropping rice, dynamics of N and P in the field surface water, soil available silicon, organic matter, alkali nitrogen and available phosphorus under the fixed nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers. The results showed that compared with control (T₀), the silicon fertilizer increased the yield of early and late rice by 2.2%-30.4% and 3.9%-9.2%, respectively, enhanced rice N accumulation increased by 2.4%-47.3%, rice P accumulation by 2.2%-41.3%, straw N accumulation by 0.4%-28.3%, and straw P accumulation by 5.1%-31.0%. On the first day after fertilization, the total nitrogen (TN) content in the surface water was decreased by 3.4%-28.8% in silicon treatments compared with T₀, the ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N), total phosphorus (TP) and total soluble phosphorus (TDP) was decreased by 10.4%-25.6%, 25.5%-29.2%, 30.8%-38.0%, respectively. 45 days later, TP and TDP contents in the field surface water were significantly higher than T₀. The silicon fertilizer treatment was beneficial to increase soil silicon level, contents of organic matter and alkali nitrogen of the double cropping rice, among which the T₁ treatment performed the best. Soil available phosphorus showed a decreasing trend with the increasing silicon fertilizer.

Effects of winter cropping mode on soil organic carbon and carbon management index of double rice paddy

LONG Pan, SU Shan, HUANG Ya-nan, LI Chao, XIAO Zhi-xiang, ZHU Zhi-juan, LIU Li, FU Zhi-qiang

2019, 30(4):  1135-1142.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201904.033

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To explore the effects of winter crops recycling into paddy field on soil carbon pool, we cultivated rape, Chinese milk vetch, ryegrass and potato in winter season after harvesting double-season rice, with fallow as control (CK). The contents of soil organic carbon (SOC) and labile organic carbon (LOC) in the harvest of early and late rice were measured, and the stable carbon, activity of carbon pool, carbon pool index, carbon pool activity index and carbon pool management index (CMI) were calculated. Results showed that winter cover crops returning increased SOC content by 1%-8% and 3%-18% after harvest of early rice and late rice, respectively in comparison with CK. Cultivating rape, Chinese milk vetch and ryegrass all increased the LOC content, with enhancement of 16.2%-84.2% and 24.4%-28.1% after harvest of early rice and late rice, respectively. The CMI of all winter crop treatments presented a growth ratio of 1.4%-41.8% compared to CK. In conclusion, the cultivation of winter crop and recycling to field promoted soil carbon fixation and soil quality, among which the ryegrass and Chinese milk vetch showed better comprehensive effect.

Effects of straw returning amount and type on soil nitrogen and its composition

DONG Lin-lin, WANG Hai-hou, LU Chang-ying, JIN Mei-juan, ZHU Xing-lian, SHEN Yuan, SHEN Ming-xing

2019, 30(4):  1143-1150.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201904.018

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Straw returning to soil can supplement soil nutrients required for crop growth, fertilize soil, and improve soil quality. To explore the long-term effect of straw returning on soil total nitrogen and its composition, herein, five treatments including no rice straw + no wheat straw returning (NRW), no rice straw + all wheat straw returning (W), all rice straw + no wheat straw returning (R), half rice straw + half wheat straw returning (HRW), and all rice straw + all wheat straw returning (ARW) were conducted in triplicate in Taihu Lake region, China. The effects of both straw amount and type were examined. Compared with the results obtained in 2007, the results herein obtained in 2017 showed that after 10 years of straw returning, soil total nitrogen and heavy fraction nitrogen increased, while light fraction organic matter decreased. Among the five treatments, ARW had the largest decrease in light fraction nitrogen of 8.09 g·kg^-1; the R treatment had the highest contents of both total and heavy fraction nitrogen, and also the highest contents of ammonium and nitrate. There was no significant difference in alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen among the five treatments. These results indicated that crop straw was the critical material source for soil nitrogen, and that the effects of straw returning on soil nitrogen depended on the type and amount of crop straw returned to soil. The changes of light fraction nitrogen were more sensitive to straw returning, while the heavy fraction nitrogen was relatively stable, which was the key fraction sustaining soil fertility. With the prolonging of straw returning, the relationship between the total nitrogen and diffe-rent nitrogen components changed. The processing manner of all rice straw returning + no wheat straw returning was the way that could most significantly enhance soil nitrogen content.

Correlation between nitrogen fruiting efficiency and nitrogen utilization and remobilization in winter wheat at different sowing dates

ZHU Yuan-gang, CHU Jin-peng, ZHANG Xiu, QIAN Tai-feng, DAI Xing-long, HE Ming-rong

2019, 30(4):  1151-1160.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201904.005

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To understand the correlation between nitrogen fruiting efficiency and nitrogen utilization and remobilization in winter wheat, the differences and mutual relationships of nitrogen fruiting efficiency, nitrogen utilization and remobilization of winter wheat at different sowing dates (S₁:24 September, S₂:1 October, S₃:8 October, S₄:15 October and S₅:22 October) were analyzed in two growing seasons from 2014 to 2016. The results showed that there was no significant difference in grain yield and grain number per unit area among different sowing dates. Delayed sowing date decreased nitrogen accumulation in both shoots and spikes, and then reduced nitrogen uptake efficiency and increased nitrogen utilization efficiency and nitrogen fruiting efficiency. Nitrogen fruiting efficiency was positively correlated with nitrogen utilization efficiency, negatively correlated with nitrogen uptake efficiency, but not significantly correlated with nitrogen use efficiency. Nitrogen nutrition index tended to be optimum with delayed sowing dates, showed synchronicity with the improvement of nitrogen fruiting efficiency. Pre-anthesis nitrogen remobilization amount in vegetative organs and post-anthesis nitrogen accumulation amount significantly decreased with postpone of sowing dates, but pre-anthesis nitrogen remobilization efficiency remarkably rise. There was a positive correlation between nitrogen fruiting efficiency and nitrogen remobilization efficiency, indicating that the improvement in nitrogen remobilization efficiency facilitated the increment in nitrogen frui-ting efficiency. Taken together, properly delayed sowing date reduced nitrogen uptake, but increased nitrogen utilization efficiency and nitrogen fruiting efficiency and improved nitrogen supply status, which provided a theoretical basis for the implementation of reducing input and improving nitrogen utilization efficiency in wheat production in this region.

Regulation effects of irrigation methods and nitrogen application on soil water, nitrate, and wheat growth and development

DANG Jian-you, PEI Xue-xia, ZHANG Ding-yi, ZHANG Jing, WANG Jiao-ai, CHENG Mai-feng

2019, 30(4):  1161-1169.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201904.034

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Field experiments were conducted to examine the effects of flooding irrigation (FI), micro-sprinkler irrigation (SI), drip irrigation (DI), combined with nitrogen application (N₁:157.5 kg·hm^-2 as basal, 67.5 kg·hm^-2 top dressed at jointing stage; N₂:157.5 kg·hm^-2 as ba-sal, 45 kg·hm^-2 and 22.5 kg·hm^-2 top dressed at jointing stage and filling stage, respectively) on soil moisture, nitrate (NO₃^--N) content, and wheat growth and development, under maize straw returning to field. Results showed that irrigation methods and nitrogen application modes affected soil water content and soil water storage (SWS). Irrigation methods had limited effect on soil water content in the 0-60 cm soil depth at the wintering and re-greening stages, 0-160 cm soil depth at the booting and filling stages, 100-160 cm soil depth at the mature stage, but had substantial effect on water content in the 80-160 cm soil depth at the wintering and re-greening stages, 0-80 cm soil depth at the mature stage. The effects of irrigation methods on water content and SWS were in the order of FI>DI>SI. Under SI and DI, water content, SWS of soil layers, and their changes increased with increasing irrigation rate. Nitrogen application had obvious effect on NO₃^--N content in the 0-20 cm soil depth. In the SI, variation of NO₃^--N content among different growth stages was evident. In the DI, changes of NO₃^--N content were non-evident during wintering and booting stages, and were evident after booting stage, with opposite change treand in the FI. In general, NO₃^--N content was influenced by irrigation rate at early and middle stages of wheat growth, but was mainly affected by N application at late stage. In the SI and DI, NO₃^--N content changed larger by irrigation rate before winter. Total stem number and tillers per plant during overwintering period, panicle number rate, panicle number, yield, WUE and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) were in the order of SI>DI>FI. In the SI and DI, total stem number and panicle number were higher in the N₁ than that in the N₂, but grain number per panicle, 1000-grain mass, yield, WUE and NUE were lower. Sowing wheat after maize straw returning to the field, replacing FI with micro-sprinkler irrigation four times during the wheat growth period, applying sufficient basal fertilizer and then topdressing at jointing and filling stages, are the high-efficiency and water-saving cultivation strategies of wheat in wheat-maize double cropping area in southern Shanxi.

Effects of water-fertilizer integration on water use and photosynthetic characteristics of winter wheat

GUO Pei-wu, ZHAO Jun-ye, SHI Yu, YU Zhen-wen

2019, 30(4):  1170-1178.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201904.010

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In two growing seasons of wheat (2016-2018), a field trial with Jimai 22 as test mate-rial was conducted in Shijiawangzi Village, Yanzhou City, Shandong Province. Under three nitrogen levels of 150 (N₁), 180 (N₂) and 210 (N₃) kg·hm^-2, two irrigation-fertilization methods were designed at jointing as border irrigation and broadcasting of fertilizer (W₁), micro spraying irrigation and water-fertilizer integration (W₂), to examine the effects of irrigation-fertilization methods on water use, photosynthetic characteristics, and dry matter accumulation and transport of wheat. The results showed that under the same nitrogen level, seven days average soil evaporation of W₂ treatment in filling period was significantly lower than that of W₁ treatment, and that soil water consumption in the 60-160 cm soil layer was significantly higher than that in W₁ treatment. The flag leaf net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of W₂ treatment were signi-ficantly higher than W₁ treatment from 14 to 28 days after anthesis. The amount of dry matter in anthesis and maturity stage and the allocation to grain of post-anthesis assimilates of W₂ treatment were significantly higher than those in W₁ treatment. There was no difference in total water consumption between W₂ and W₁ treatments. Grain yield, water use efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency of W₂ treatment were significantly higher than W₁ treatment. The highest grain yield, water use efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency were obtained at the nitrogen level of 210 kg·hm^-2. By comprehensive considerations, under the same nitrogen level, treatment of micro spraying irrigation and water-fertilizer integration was better than border irrigation and broadcasting of fertilizer. The W₂N₃ treatment under the nitrogen level of 210 kg·hm^-2 and with the application of micro spraying irrigation and water-fertilizer integration at jointing was the optimal treatment to save water and fertilizer.

Effect of reducing N and regulated fertilization on N loss from wheat-maize rotation system of farmland in Chao soil region of North China Plain

ZHANG Ying-peng, LI Hong-jie, LIU Zhao-hui, SUN Ming, SUN Cui-ping, JING Yong-ping, LUO Jia-fa, LI Yan

2019, 30(4):  1179-1187.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201904.019

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The application of large amounts of nitrogen (N) fertilizer can result in soil N accumulation and consequently N loss. To address these problems in a wheat-maize rotation area of the North China Plain, a two-year field experiment (2016-2017) was conducted to examine the effects of three different N fertilizer strategies on crop yield, N uptake, N loss and soil inorganic N content. The treatments were: controlled-release fertilizer, microbial fertilizer, nitrification inhibitor and farmer’s practice (control). The results showed that the wheat yield from the microbial fertilizer treatment in 2016 was significantly lower than that from the controlled-release fertilizer treatment and the nitrification inhibitor treatment, but was not significantly different from conventional farmer fertilization. The N uptake of wheat and annual crops in the microbial fertilizer treatment was significantly reduced. There was no significant difference in crop yield and N uptake among the treatments in 2017. Soil fertility of the tillage layer was maintained or improved in all three treatments compared with the control, and the contents of alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, available potassium and organic matter increased with the increase of plant growth period in the microbial fertilizer treatment. Microbial fertilizer and nitrification inhibitor reduced the inorganic N content in the 40-100 cm soil profile, while controlled-release fertilizer increased the inorganic N content in the 0-40 cm soil layer. N loss through ammonia volatilization was higher than that through leaching, which was greater than the loss through N₂O emission. Runoff loss was negligible. Among the treatments, N loss in farmer’s practice treatment was the highest. Microbial fertilizer significantly reduced N loss through ammonia volatilization, but the loss through leaching was larger. In conclusion, with reduced N application compared with the farmer’s practice, controlled release fertilizer and nitrification inhibitor could maintain crop yield and N uptake, and microbial fertilizer could ensure crop yield and N uptake for a longer plant growth period. The results suggested that inorganic N content in the 40-100 cm soil layer could be reduced in the soil by adding microbial fertilizer and nitrification inhibitors, and the amount of inorganic N was not reduced significantly by application of controlled release fertilizer. Several N reduction measures could reduce N loss. The microbial fertilizer treatment needed to be modified to reduce N leaching.

Effects of conservation tillage measures on soil water and NO₃^--N leaching in dryland maize cropland

HU Jin-sheng, FAN Jun, FU Wei, WANG Huan, HAO Ming-de

2019, 30(4):  1188-1198.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201904.009

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Based on a field experiment on conservation tillage over 15 years in Weibei Highland maize cropland, six conservation tillage patterns, i.e., conventional tillage (CT), no-tillage (NT), no-tillage plus biochar (NB), no-tillage and straw mulching (NS), no-tillage and plastic film mulching (NF), and no-tillage and straw-plastic film mulching (NSF), were investigated for their effects on soil water and nitrate nitrogen(NO₃^--N) leaching, to seek sustainable agricultural cultivation measures suitable for the region. Results showed that, compared with NT treatment in the first water recharge period, CT had no effect on water recharge in 0-100 cm soil layer, and NS, NB, NSF and NF significantly reduced soil water recharge. In 100-300 cm soil layer, NS, NB, NF and NSF significantly increased soil water recharge, but CT significantly reduced soil water recharge. During the second water recharge period, water recharge depth was mainly concentrated in 0-100 cm soil layer, and there was no significant difference between each treatment and NT. During the water depletion period, compared with NT treatment, other treatments had no significant effect on water depletion in 0-100 cm soil layer, but NF and NSF increased soil water depletion by 33.9% and 59.9% in 100-300 cm soil layer, respectively. In 0-200 cm soil layer, compared to NT, CT significantly increased the accumulation of NO₃^--N by 2.2 fold, NS, NB, NF and NSF reduced soil NO₃^--N accumulation by 44.6%, 61.5%, 69.2% and 69.8%, respectively. In 200-300 cm soil layer, NS significantly reduced the accumulation amount of NO₃^--N, but CT had no significant effect on the accumulation amount of NO₃^--N, and NS, NB, and NSF all had negative effects on NO₃^--N accumulation. Soil water movement had significant effect on the distribution of NO₃^--N in soil profile. Soil NO₃^--N was mainly distributed in 0-40 cm soil layer for NB, NF and NSF treatments, in 0-100 cm and 200-300 cm soil layers for NS treatment, and over the entire profile for NT and CT, and NS, NT and CT treatments had two NO₃^--N accumulation peaks in soil profile. Different agricultural cultivation measures could reduce soil NO₃^--N leaching by regulating soil water content, and subsequently improve nitrogen utilization efficiency. Among those measures, NSF could effectively control soil water movement to reduce the NO₃^--N leaching and accumulation, and thus is a feasible measure to improve soil water and fertility conditions and increase dryland maize yields.

Effects of the substitution of inorganic nitrogen by organic nitrogen fertilizer on maize grain yield and water and nitrogen use efficiency under plastic film fully mulched ridge-furrow in semi-arid area

XIE Jun-hong, CHAI Qiang, LI Ling-ling, ZHANG Ren-zhi, WANG Lin-lin, LIU Chang

2019, 30(4):  1199-1206.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201904.025

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To improve water and nitrogen (N) fertilizer use efficiency, increase sustainable agricultural production, and explore the appropriate substitution level of inorganic N fertilizer by organic fertilizer in the semi-arid region of the western Loess Plateau, a three-year field experiment was conducted at the Dingxi Agri-ecological Station in 2016-2018. We examined the effects of commercial organic fertilizer substitution on maize grain yield as well as the use efficiency of water and N fertilizer under plastic film fully mulched ridge-furrow in dryland. There were six fertilizer treatments: T₁, N fertilizer without organic fertilizer; T₂, substitution 50% inorganic-N with organic-N; T₃, substitution 37.5% inorganic-N with organic-N; T₄, substitution 25% inorganic-N with organic-N; T₅, substitution 12.5% inorganic-N with organic-N; and CK, no N fertilizer. The results showed that treatments of commercial organic fertilizer substitution (T₂-T₅) had higher grain yield and water and N efficiency than that in T₁ treatment in dry year under 200 kg N·hm^-2. The changes in grain yield and water and N fertilizer efficiency had no significant difference in treatments of commercial organic fertilizer substitution compared to T₁ treatment in wet year. T₂ and T₃ treatments increased grain yield by 15.6% and 18.2%, and with 35.1% and 27.0% enhancement in harvest index compared to T₁. T₂ and T₃ treatments increased water use efficiency, rainfall use efficiency, N agrono-mic efficiency and partial productivity of N fertilizer by 17.4% and 22.3%, 15.7% and 17.7%, 15.6% and 18.0%, 155.2% and 179.3%. These results demonstrated that under the same N input level, 50% and 37.5% substitution inorganic-N with organic-N could be a suitable substitution rate under plastic film fully mulched ridge-furrow, which could be recommended as a fertilizer application pattern in this area.

Effects of irrigation and fertilizer levels on the distribution of water and salt in saline field and maize yield

JIANG Jing, ZHAI Deng-pan, ZHANG Chao-bo

2019, 30(4):  1207-1217.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201904.039

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Agriculture development in arid and semi-arid saline areas is seriously affected by water resources scarcity and excessive fertilization. Understanding the effects of different irrigation and fertilization levels on soil water and salt distribution and silage maize yield would provide scientific basis for determining appropriate irrigation and fertilization amount. The experiment was carried out in a saline field of the Datong Basin in 2015 and 2016. There were three irrigation levels, with the upper limit of soil moisture being controlled at 100% (W₁), 90% (W₂) and 80% (W₃) of the field water capacity. Irrigation amount was calculated based on the average actual water content before irrigation of each treatment. There were four fertilization levels in 2015, 900 kg·hm^-2 (F₁), 750 kg·hm^-2 (F₂), 600 kg·hm^-2(F₃), and 450 kg·hm^-2(F₄), and three levels in 2016 (F₁, F₂, and F₃). The total nutrient content of the slow-release compound fertilizer was 48%, with a 30:12:6 ratio of N:P₂O₅:K₂O. Results showed that the surface conductivity of soil increased with the increases of fertilizer application levels. The effects of fertilization on soil salinity in 0-10 cm was significant. Compared with F₁, the average EC of F₂ in 0-10 cm was decreased by 25.6%-42.7% in 2015 and by 6.4%-7.7% in 2016, respectively. The water content in 20-80 cm decreased with the increases of fertilizer application levels. Compared with F₁, the average soil water content in 20-80 cm soil layer of F₂, F₃, and F₄ increased by 5.9%, 16.7% and 16.7% in 2015, and that of F₂ and F₃ increased by 13.3% and 16.7% in 2016, respectively. The yield of F₁ and F₂ was higher than that of F₃ and F₄, and W₃ was lower than W₁ and W₂ in both years. There was no significant difference in yield between F₁ and F₂. Compared with W₁, decrease in yield of W₂ was less than 15%. Therefore, the application of compound fertilizer 600-750 kg·hm^-2(nitrogen content 180-270 kg·hm^-2), and irrigation levels W₁ and W₂ were suggested to ensure high yield of forage maize in saline soil in this area, without salt accumulation in root zone.

Effects of continuous cropping with straw return on particulate organic carbon and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in cotton field

CHANG Han-da, WANG Jing, ZHANG Feng-hua

2019, 30(4):  1218-1226.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201904.007

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A long-term field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of continuous cotton production years (0 as control, 5, 10, 15 and 20 years) and straw return on soil organic carbon (SOC) structure and stability by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) in Manas River valley of Xinjiang. The results showed that the relative peak intensity of polysaccharide and aromatics decreased with increasing continuous cropping years, whereas the aliphatic and alcoholic phenols relative peak intensity and the CH/C=C increased. The content of soil particulate organic carbon (POC) increased significantly in the 5-yr of cotton production farmland and then decreased with the increases of continuous cropping years. POC content was 5.11 times higher in 5-yr than that of the control. The content of mineral-bound organic carbon (MOC) was the highest in 10-yr farmland, being 1.84 times higher than that of the control. The highest value of the ratio of POC and MOC content (ω(POC)/ω(MOC)) was observed in 5-yr farmland. Together, long-term continuous cotton production with straw return led to SOC structure aliphatic and soil mineral binding increased the protection of organic matter, thus increasing the stability of soil organic matter.

Amelioration effect of humic acid on saline-alkali soil

WANG Qian-zi, WANG Yu, SUN Zhi-mei, LIU Jia, NIU Shao-bin, XUE Cheng, MA Wen-qi

2019, 30(4):  1227-1234.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201904.001

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A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of three types of humic acid, i.e. oxidized humic acid (OHA), aminated humic acid (AHA) and microbial-humic acid (MHA), on physico-chemical properties of saline-alkali soil and maize growth. Results showed that the application of all humic acid materials had no significant effect on soil pH in the current season. However, the soil electrical conductivity (EC), the contents of water-soluble Na⁺ and K⁺, and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) decreased under all three treatments of humic acid application measured in up to 40 cm soil depth. OHA had the strongest effect in reducing soil EC, while no significant differences were detected among the three tested materials in reducing contents of water-solu-ble Na⁺ and K⁺ and SAR. In addition, humic acid reduced soil NO₃^--N content and increased soil NH₄⁺-N content, soluble organic nitrogen (SON) content and total soluble nitrogen (TSN) content, with higher effects of AHA and MHA than OHA. Moreover, the application of humic acid materials increased the content of soil available phosphorus, which was most significant in MHA. Humic acid addition could significantly enhance the yield and function leaf SPAD value of maize, which did not vary among the tested humic acid materials. The rank of effect size on apparent utilization efficiency of N and P fertilizer was in the order of AHA>MHA>OHA. While OHA treatment had the highest agronomic efficiency of N and P, AHA treatment achieved the highest partial factor productivity of applied N and P.

Effects of Chinese milk vetch intercropped with rape under straw mulching on soil aggregate and organic carbon character

ZHOU Quan, WANG Long-chang, XING Yi, MA Shu-min, ZHANG Xiao-duan, CHEN Jiao, SHI Chao

2019, 30(4):  1235-1242.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201904.006

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There are severe soil erosion, shallow soil, reduction of soil organic matter, and poor soil and water conservation in purple soil areas in Southwest China, which become the main limiting factors for the sustainable development of agriculture. A series of buckets and field experiments in the field were employed to explore the soil aggregate and soil organic carbon in response to Chinese milk vetch intercropped with rape under straw mulching, aiming to improve soil aggregate structure and increase organic carbon content. Results showed that intercropped Chinese milk vetch increased soil micro-aggregate content in rape rhizosphere, and reduced soil aggregate mean mass diameter. The change of soil macro-aggregate in rape rhizosphere was mainly caused by the change of content of soil aggregate on 10-5 mm and 5-2 mm, while the soil micro-aggregate was mainly caused by soil aggregate on 0.25-0.053 mm. Intercropped Chinese milk vetch and straw mulching significantly increased soil organic carbon content after corn growing season, with increasing the content of soil organic carbon on 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm. Though intercropped Chinese milk vetch and straw mulching had less effect on soil total organic carbon in rape season, more and more significant effect on 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, and 20-30 cm with rape growing, especially in stem elongation stage, flowering stage, and harvest stage. Our results showed that the characteristic of soil aggregate in rape rhizosphere could be changed by intercropped Chinese milk vetch, and that the content of soil organic carbon could be increased by Chinese milk vetch intercropped with rape under straw mul-ching.

Effects of straw returning amount and type on soil nitrogen and its composition

WANG Hong-ni, WANG Xue-chun, ZHAO Chang-kun, LI Jun, QIN Jian, LONG Zu-li

2019, 30(4):  1243-1252.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201904.008

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By field experiment and cultivation simulating, we analyzed the impacts of oilseed rape straw incorporation on root, tiller and grain yield of rice. Results showed that straw incorporation treatments decreased 1-2 in tillers and 1.0-8.6 mg per plant in bleeding sap. The activities of glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and glutamic-oxalacetic transa-minase (GOT) of root in straw incorporation treatments were reduced by 0.10-6.11, 0.06-0.31 and 0.52-0.84 μmol·g^-1·h^-1 respectively as compared to control, during the earlier stage (0-36 d after transplanting) of rice growth. Compared to no straw incorporation treatment, the straw incorporation by plough method increased bleeding sap by 3.4-11.7 mg per plant, and increased the activities of GS, GPT and GOT by 0.34-0.78, 0.13-0.45 and 0.18-0.20 μmol·g^-1·h^-1 respectively. During the later stage (56 d after transplanting) of rice growth, straw incorporation treatments by mulching reduced bleeding sap by 19-25 mg per plant, and increased the activities of GS, GPT and GOT in root by 0.16-0.34, 0.08-0.21 and 0.06-0.32 μmol·g^-1·h^-1, respectively. The grain yield of total straw returning treatments (MF₂ and FH₂) were higher than other straw returning treatments. In comparison of MF₂, the rice yield of FH₂ was higher by 0.13-0.48 t·hm^-2. Oil seed rape straw incorporation hindered rice root growth and delayed the reviving of rice after transplanting, by decreasing the activities of roots and nitrogen metabolizing enzymes during earlier stage. However, it promoted rice root growth by increasing activities of roots and nitrogen metabolizing enzyme during media and later stage. The increase or decrease of rice yield is a comprehensive balance of multiple factors in straw incorporation rice field. Total straw incorporation by plough method is one of the better straw returning manners for oilseed rape-rice rotation system in Sichuan Basin area.

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer reduction management on photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of sweetpotato

DU Xiang-bei, WANG Jia-bao, LIU Xiao-ping, XIA Jia-ping, HAN Yang

2019, 30(4):  1253-1260.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201904.012

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Crop productivity depends on photosynthetic source capacity. Appropriate nitrogen (N) fertilizer management is beneficial for improving growth, photosynthetic capacity and thereby increasing crops yield. A two-year pot experiment was conducted with four N treatments, i.e., conventional basal application 100 kg N·hm^-2 as control (FP), a total of 80 kg N·hm^-2 applied either 100% at basal application (JS), 100% at tuber initiation stage (35 d after transplant, KS), 50% at basal application and 50% at tuber initiation stage (35 d after transplant, FS), to examine the effects of reduced nitrogen fertilizer combined with application methods on the photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) during summer 2016 and 2017. The results showed that the conventional basal application of a reduced N rate decreased photosynthesis of sweetpotato during the final growth phases compared to conventional application, dressing application relatively delayed late-season leaf senescence as indicated by the increased net photosynthetic rate (P_n), stomatal conductance (g_s), intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i) and chlorophyll (Chl a+b) content during tuber expansion period. Split application of N fertilizer had noticeably higher P_n, g_s, C_i and Chl a+b than other treatments. Furthermore, split application of N fertilizer had a significantly higher photochemical efficiency of photosystem Ⅱ (F_v/F_m), quantum yield of electron transport (Φ_PSⅡ), and photochemical quenching co-efficient (q_P), but lower initial fluorescence (F_o) and non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ) during tuber expansion period. The improved photosynthesis by split N was due to both increased F_v/F_m with higher electron transfer rate and reduced thermal dissipation of light energy in the tuber expansion period. Results were consistent between two sweetpotato cultivars across years. The results indicated that one-time fertilization at basal or tuber initiation stage were not conducive to sweetpotato leaf photosynthesis. The split N application was more beneficial in terms of delaying late-season leaf senescence, extending leaf function period, enhancing photosynthesis and biomass production under reduced N application rate, which would be beneficial for sweetpotato yield.

Effects of irrigation frequency of organic nutrient solution and irrigation amount on yield, quality, fertilizer and water use efficiency of melon in facility

FAN Bing-hua, MA Le-le, REN Rui-dan, HE Jia-xing, Hamiti·Abudumijiti, LI Jian-ming

2019, 30(4):  1261-1268.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201904.037

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To investigate the organic cultivation mode for high-yield and high-quality melon, we measured the growth of melon that grown in pots with different conditions of organic nutrient solution and irrigation. There were three irrigation frequencies of organic nutrient solution (8-time application, each time 750 mL per plant, F₁; 12-time application, each time 500 mL per plant, F₂; 16-time application, each time 375 mL per plant, F₃) and two different irrigation amount per single plant (irrigating by 120% daily evapotranspiration (ET) before fruit enlargement, by 140%ET after fruit enlargement, W₁; irrigating by 140%ET before fruit enlargement, by 160%ET after fruit enlargement, W₂), following a randomized block trial design. The effects of those treatments on photosynthetic characteristics, yield, quality, fertilizer and water use efficiency of melon were investigated. The results showed that photosynthetic rate of melon leaves was significantly increased by more frequent and less amount of organic nutrient solution application. Fruit yield and water use efficiency were significantly improved under low irrigation condition. Fertilizer utilization was optimal under the treatments of high irrigation and medium organic nutrient solution frequency. Fruit quality was improved under less organic nutrient solution and relatively suitable water supply. A mathematical model of exponential function y=0.214e^0.18x (R²=0.851) could be used to quantify the relationship between the vitamin C content of melon fruit and frequency of organic nutrient solution application. Considering the variables, such as yield, quality and water use efficiency, F₃W₁ treatment was recommended with the aim to improve fruit quality and optimal water use efficiency under promising yield, which could achieve high-yield and high-quality cultivation of organic melon in facilities.

Effects of different kinds of organic fertilizer on fruit yield, quality and nutrient uptake of watermelon in gravel-mulched field

DU Shao-ping, MA Zhong-ming, XUE Liang

2019, 30(4):  1269-1277.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201904.013

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The effects of different kinds of organic fertilizer on the growth, yield, quality, and nutrient absorption and utlization of watermelon were examined to provide theoretical basis for adequate fertilization and efficient production of watermelon in gravel-mulched field in the Loess Pla-teau of Northwest China. The growth index and nutrient absorption at main stages of growth and development, yield and quality of watermelon were compared among treatments of applying chemical fertilizer (CK), cattle dung, chicken manure, sheep manure and pig manure which contained the equal amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The results showed that vegetative growth index, nitrogen and potassium transportation were promoted, yield and nutrient accumulation were improved in treatments of cattle dung, chicken manure and pig manure. Compared to chemical fertilizer, the fruit yield increased by 27.4%, 31.6% and 30.2%, respectively, nitrogen accumulation improved by 26.3%, 39.8% and 47.4%, phosphorus accumulation increased by 49.3%, 48.3% and 55.9%, potassium accumulation improved by 35.8%, 41.6% and 51.9%, respectively, under cattle dung, chicken manure and pig manure treatments. The quality of watermelon was better in pig manure treatment among all the treatments. The central and edge sugar content of watermelon increased by 5.5% and 11.6%, respectively, and Vc content increased by 19.9%, compared with the chemical fertilizer treatment. There was no significant difference between sheep manure and chemical fertilizer treatments. In conclusion, chicken manure and pig manure were optimal organic fertilizers for watermelon planting in gravel-mulched field. The application of sheep manure should be avoided or reduced.

Ammonia volatilization under different nitrogen and water treatments of tomato-watermelon rotation system in solar greenhouse in Losses Plateau, China

LUO Wei, CHENG Yu-zhen, CHEN Zhu-jun, ZHOU Jian-bin

2019, 30(4):  1278-1286.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201904.016

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To understand the characteristics of ammonia volatilization in Losses Plateau, an experiment was conducted in a typical solar greenhouse involving four treatments. Intermittent ventilation chamber method was used to measure NH₃ volatilization over the period of tomato-watermelon rotation. The results showed that nitrogen transformation was rapid in solar greenhouse system. The peak NH₃ volatilization rate appeared one to two days after fertilization with the range from 0.26 to 2.02 kg N·hm^-2·d^-1. The NH₃ volatilization lasted for about one week in all treatments. No significant differences were recorded in terms of cumulative NH₃ volatilization among all nitrogen fertilizer input treatments. The cumulative NH₃ losses further increased about 46.7% in two seasons under the same nitrogen application rate, however when irrigation application was decreased. The average NH₃ vola-tilization rate and cumulative NH₃ losses in watermelon season were higher compared to tomato season, which might be attributed to high temperature during watermelon season. Soil NH₄⁺-N content, water filled pore space, soil temperature of 0-5 cm layer and air temperature all had extremely significant effect on NH₃ volatilization rate, while a negative correlation was observed between soil pH and NH₃ volatilization rate. Between the different cropping seasons, the rate of NH₃ volatilization and cumulative NH₃ losses were different, and decreased with decreases in nitrogen input, while reduced irrigation volume increased NH₃ volatilization under the same nitrogen application rate.

Effects of stabilized N fertilizer combined with straw returning on rice yield and emission of N₂O and CH₄ in a paddy field

WU Kai-kuo, ZHANG Li-li, SONG Yu-chao, LI Yu-hua, GONG Ping, WU Zhi-jie, YANG Li-jie, LI Dong-po

2019, 30(4):  1287-1294.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201904.026

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Based on a two-year field experiment located at Shenyang Applied Ecological Experiment Station of Chinese Academy of Sciences, we examined the effects of stabilized N fertilizer combined with straw returning on rice yield and emission of N₂O and CH₄ in aquic brown soil. Six treatments were set up, i.e. control (CK), urea(U), urea+urease inhibitor+nitrification inhibitor (U+I), straw (S), straw+urea (S+U), straw+urea+ urease inhibitor+nitrification inhibitor (S+U+I). The results showed that urea application increased rice yield, cumulative N₂O and CH₄ emission, and global warming potential. The treatment of U+I significantly mitigated cumulative N₂O emission. Returning rice straw to the field significantly increased cumulative N₂O emission, cumulative CH₄ emission, global warming potential, and greenhouse gas emission intensity. The S+U+I treatment had the highest rice yield and greenhouse gas emission intensity. U+I treatment had the the second highest rice yield and the lowest greenhouse gas emission intensity. Rice yield in the S treatment showed no significant difference with CK. Our results indicated that S+U+I and U+I are relatively better agricultural strategies compared with other treatments in paddy fields on aquic soil.

Ammonia volatilization and nitrogen use efficiency in the field of fresh edible maize as affec-ted by different band fertilization depths of controlled-release urea

LIU Wei, ZHOU Jian-xiong, XIE Yuan-yuan, XUE Xin-xin, XIONG Han-feng, XU Fang-sen, YUAN Jia-fu, XIONG You-sheng

2019, 30(4):  1295-1302.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201904.004

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A field experiment was conducted to examine the effects of controlled-release urea (CRU) application on ammonia (NH₃) volatilization, nitrogen (N) use efficiency and fresh ear yield of fresh edible maize. The treatments included one control (CK: no N fertilizer application) and four different band fertilization depths (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 cm). Results showed that NH₃ volatilization from non-fertilization band and planting band mainly occurred in the first two weeks after the fertilization, which lasted for almost a month in the fertilization band. Compared to CK, surface broadcasted CRU (0 cm) significantly increased NH₃ volatilization from wide-row non-fertilization band or planting band in field. Soil NH₃ volatilization amounts ranged from 3.1 to 25.5 kg N·hm^-2 with the different depths of CRU application treatments, accounting for 1.7%-14.2% of total N applied. The cumulative NH₃ volatilizations were comparable among the depths of 10, 15 and 20 cm of CRU fertilization treatments, which were significantly decreased by 85.9%-87.8% and 67.0%-71.6% as compared with surface broadcasted CRU and 5 cm of CRU fertilization, respectively. The increases of CRU application depth within a certain extent could increase fresh ear yield, total nitrogen accumulation of plants during milking stage, partial factor productivity, agronomic efficiency and apparent recovery efficiency of nitrogenous fertilizer, and the maximum values of these indices were recorded for 15 cm depth. We concluded that CRU application at 15 cm depth would be the optimal practice in terms of reducing NH₃ volatilization and improving N use efficiency of fresh edible maize.

Effects of different nitrogen fertilizers on annual emissions of greenhouse gas from maize field in Northeast China

YAO Fan-yun, WANG Li-chun, DUO Xin-qu, LIU Zhi-ming, LYU Yan-jie, CAO Yu-jun, WEI Wen-wen, WANG Yong-jun

2019, 30(4):  1303-1311.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201904.030

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A field experiment was conducted to investigate the greenhouse gas emission at high latitude farmland in Northeast China. We monitored the greenhouse gas emission using the static chamber-gas chromatography method. Four nitrogen (N) fertilizers were used: conventional N fertilization (CN), slow release fertilizer (SLN), urea plus nitrification inhibitor and urease inhibitor (NIUI), and no nitrogen fertilizer (NN). The results showed that the yields under CN, SLN and NIUI treatments were 9618, 9376 and 9645 kg·hm^-2, respectively. Compared with CN treatment, SLN increased soil N₂O emission in the growing season and decreased N₂O emission in the non-growing season. The cumulative N₂O emission flux of NIUI treatment was 39.0% lower than that of CN. There were no significant differences in the annual cumulative CO₂ emission flux among the treatments. The spring maize field in Northeast China was a weak CH₄ sink. NIUI treatment promoted soil CH₄ absorption in maize growing season compared with CN treatment. In summary, urea plus nitrification inhibitor and urease inhibitor could significantly reduce soil greenhouse gas emissions with high yield of maize.

Effects of corn straw biochar on process, nutrient content, and CO₂ emissions of corn straw decomposition

LIU Sai-nan, GAO Shang, CHENG Xiao-yi, E Yang, LAN Yu, LIU Zun-qi, MENG Jun

2019, 30(4):  1312-1318.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201904.015

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Biochar has unique physicochemical properties of being rich in carbon, being alkaline, and exhibiting a highly porous structure, which can adjust features of different systems. A 90-day microcosm incubation experiment was performed to investigate the effects of corn straw biochar on the process, properties, nutrient contents, and CO₂ emissions during corn straw composting. There were four treatments, including control (CK), 5% biochar addition (B₁, as mass fractions of biochar), 10% biochar addition (B₂), and 20% biochar addition (B₃). The results showed that biochar significantly increased the temperature rise rate and temperature peak of the straw maturation system, and promoted straw decomposition. Biochar increased the pH of the microbial active period, and the electrical conductivity (EC) value of the straw decomposition system, which provided a more suitable environment for microbial degradation of the organics. Further more, biochar decreased the organic matter content, increased the total nutrient content of the straw decomposition system, and improved the quality of the straw decomposition products. In addition, nitrogen (N) content was not changed by increasing amount of biochar; however, both phosphorus (P₂O₅) and potassium (K₂O) content were significantly increased. Compared to control, the content of P₂O₅ and K₂O in B₃ treatment was increased by 0.2% and 0.9%, respectively. Biochar addition could improve CO₂ emission of the straw decomposition system. The CO₂ emission was consistent with the trend of temperature change, which provided solid evidence that biochar improve the degradation of organic matter by microbes in the system.

Effects of aerated irrigation on CO₂ and N₂O emission from protected melon soils under different nitrogen application levels

ZHANG Qian, NIU Wen-quan, DU Ya-dan, CUI Bing-jing

2019, 30(4):  1319-1326.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201904.027

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To reveal the effects of coupling nitrogen (N) application and aerated irrigation on soil CO₂ and N₂O emission, and their relationship with soil temperature and moisture, an experiment was conducted in greenhouse melon fields by using the method of static chamber/gas chromatography to determine the CO₂ and N₂O emissions of different nitrogen rates under aerated irrigation. There were two irrigation factors (AI: aerated irrigation; CK: conventional irrigation) and three N levels (N₁: 0; N₂: 150 kg·hm^-2, the traditional nitrogen application rate was 2/3; N₃: 225 kg·hm^-2, traditional nitrogen application rate). The results showed that soil CO₂ and N₂O emissions in AI treatment were higher than those in CK, but no significant difference was observed between the two irrigation methods. Under the same irrigation method, soil CO₂ and N₂O emission significantly increased with the increases of N application rate, indicating that N application was the main influencing factor for CO₂ and N₂O emissions. There were significant positive relationships between soil N₂O emissions and soil temperature and water filled pore space (WFPS) under the AI treatment. Soil CO₂ emission were positively correlated with soil temperature. When N application reduced to N₂ rate under AI treatment, the yield was increased by 6.9% and the greenhouse warming potential was reduced from 9544.82 kg·hm^-2 to 9340.72 kg·hm^-2. Thus, it is feasible to reduce the amount of N fertilizer under AI treatment to mitigate greenhouse gas emission in agricultural production systems.

Responses of soil microbial biomass C and P to different long-term fertilization treatments in the yellow paddy soil

LI Yu, LIU Yan-ling, BAI Yi-jing, ZHANG Ya-rong, HUANG Xing-cheng, ZHANG Wen-an, JIANG Tai-ming

2019, 30(4):  1327-1334.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201904.020

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To explore the rational fertilization mode to improve the availability of soil phosphorus (P), we analyzed the changes and coupling characteristics of soil carbon (C) and P, microbial biomass C (MBC) and P (MBP) under different fertilization modes with a successive 22-year field experiment in yellow paddy soil. The experiment had 10 treatments, including no fertilization (CK), single application of nitrogen (N), combination of phosphorus and potassium (PK), combination of nitrogen and potassium (NK), combination of nitrogen and phosphorus (NP), combination of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK), single application of organic fertilizer (M), and three organic-inorganic fertilizer combinations (1/4M+3/4NP, 0.5MNP, MNPK). The results showed that, compared with CK, the contents of total organic C (TOC), total P (TP), MBC and MBP in N and NK treatments decreased to some extent, while those in PK, NP and NPK treatments increased. Compared with the treatments of no fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer, the contents of TOC, MBC, MBP and MBP/TP ratio in treatments with manure significantly increased, among which M and MPNK treatments showed the strongest enhancement. The treatments with manure had the lowest MBC/MBP ratio, TOC/MBP ratio and MBC/TP ratio, while N treatment had the highest value. MBC, MBP, MBP/TP ratio, MBC/MBP ratio, TOC/MBP ratio and MBC/TP ratio were significantly correlated with TOC and available P, TOC was the direct factor affecting MBC, MBP, and MBP/TP ratio, while available P was the direct factor affecting MBC/MBP ratio, TOC/MBP ratio, MBC/TP ratio. In summary, soil MBP content and the coupling relationship between C and P could effectively distinguish the modes of production with single chemical fertilizer application and manure application, and could be used as biological indices in the evaluation of soil P fertility. Combined application of manure is an effective way to enhance P availability and increase its potential capacity and maintain soil biological health in yellow paddy soil.

Effects of different manure nitrogen input ratio on rhizosphere soil microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and microbial quotient in double-cropping rice field

TANG Hai-ming, LI Chao, XIAO Xiao-ping, TANG Wen-guang, CHENG Kai-kai, PAN Xiao-chen, WANG Ke

2019, 30(4):  1335-1343.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201904.014

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To explore the characteristics of rhizosphere soil microorganisms in paddy fields with different manure nitrogen (N) input ratios at different growth stages of early and late rice in double-cropping rice system, a field experiment was conducted with five different treatments: 1) 100% N of chemical fertilizer (M₁), 2) 30% N of organic matter and 70% N of chemical fertilizer (M₂), 3) 50% N of organic matter and 50% N of chemical fertilizer (M₃), 4) 100% N of organic matter (M₄), and 5) no N fertilizer input as a control (M₀). The rhizosphere soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), and microbial quotient (SQ) of the paddy fields were measured using the fumigation-extraction and chemical analysis methods. The results showed that the rhizosphere MBC, MBN, and SQ of the paddy fields at main different growth stages of early and late rice were increased by fertilization, which increased first and then decreased with the development of rice growth period, peaked at the heading stage, and reached the minimum value at the maturity stage. The effects of different fertilization treatments were in order of M₄＞M₃＞M₂＞M₁＞M₀, with no significant difference among M₂, M₃ and M₄, but being significantly higher than M₀. Therefore, the application of organic matter, and combined application of chemical fertilizer with organic matter could significantly increase the rhizosphere MBC, MBN, and SQ of the paddy fields at early and late rice growth period, while chemical fertilizer alone had little effect.

Variation of community structure and function of rhizospheric denitrifiers at tillering and booting stages of rice

WU Ne, SHAO Jia-wei, SHENG Rong, TANG Ya-fang, ZHANG Wen-zhao, WEI Wen-xue

2019, 30(4):  1344-1350.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201904.022

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We investigated the variation of denitrifying communities in rice rhizosphere at tillering and booting stages in comparison with bulk soils with a pot experiment. The techniques of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) were used to measure the abundance and community composition of denitrifiers (narG and nosZ), respectively. The results showed that the potential denitrification activity in the rhizosphere at tillering stage was significantly lower than bulk soils. No significant difference was detected between the rhizosphere and bulk soils at booting stage. The abundance of both narG- and nosZ-containing denitrifying bacteria was significantly higher in rhizosphere than in bulk soils at both tillering and booting stages. In comparison with narG-containing community, community composition and diversity of nosZ-containing bacteria were more sensitive to rice growth. In conclusion, the exudates of rice could induce significantly more denitrifying bacteria in rhizosphere, whose denitrifying activities were related to growth stage of rice. At the period with strong growth, the secretion of roots showed clear restriction to the functions of rhizospheric denitrifiers compared to booting stage.

Effects of long-term fertilization on soil microbial abundance in farmland of the Loess Plateau, China

XING Ya-wei, LI Chun-yue, LIU Jin, WANG Yi, JING Li-juan, WANG Cong-rong, XUE Ying-long, DANG Ting-hui

2019, 30(4):  1351-1358.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201904.003

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Based on a long-term experiment in the Changwu Agro-ecological Experimental Station, the real-time PCR analysis was used to examine the soil microbial abundance and to reveal the effects on soil microbial community under different long-term fertilization systems. The results showed that compared to the CK (barren field), the population of bacteria increased by 21% and archaea by 32% in treatment with inorganic fertilizer application. The abundance of bacteria in the treatment of chemical fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer increased by 37% and archaea by 36%. The treatment with chemical fertilizer mixed with organic fertilizer significantly increased the abundance of bacteria and archaea. The soil AOB increased by 7.13 times while the soil AOA only by 0.2 folds after 30-year application of chemical nitrogen fertilizer. AOB was highly responsive to fertilizer application, especially to nitrogen fertilizer. Compared with the single nitrogen application and the application of nitrogen fertilizer mixed with organic fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer significantly increased the abundance of nifH and pmoA. The content of nifH, nirS cd and pmoA in the abandoned land was significantly higher than that in the cultivated soil. Results from the correlation analysis on soil basic physical and chemical properties indicated that soil pH, total nitrogen and organic carbon were key factors affecting soil microbial community abundance. In conclusion, long-term fertilization significantly changed soil microbial abundance, and fertilization patterns and cultivating methods had significant effect on microbial community abundance.

Effects of biochar on soil nutrition and microbial community diversity under continuous cultivated cucumber soils in greenhouse

WANG Cai-yun, WU Chun-cheng, CAO Xia, HE Zi-dian, ZENG Xiao-yu, JIANG Tao

2019, 30(4):  1359-1366.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201904.036

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In this study, we examined the effects of biochar addition on the soil nutrition and microbial community diversity in continuous cultivated cucumber soils, using 95% soils of planting cucumbers for 6 and 10 years mixed with 5% biochar as treatment and no biochar addition as control, all plants cultivated in the pots. The results showed that adding biochar increased per plant yield of cucumber by 11.4% and 62.8% compared with continuous cropping soil of 6 years and 10 years, respectively. Biochar addition significantly decreased two continuous cropping soils bulk density, increased the content of soil organic matter, available P content, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and soil pH. Meanwhile, biochar addition remarkably improved the abundance of bacteria, ratio of bacteria/fungi, but reduced the abundance of fungi and fusarium oxysporum, which made fungal type soil turn to bacterial type soil. For 10 years continuous cropping soils of adding biochar, the abundance of soil bacteria and bacteria/fungi ratio were 2.00 and 3.64 times to that in the control, respectively, and the abundance of fungi and fusarium oxysporum were decreased by 54.8% and 55.9%, respectively. Biochar addition significantly enhanced soil microbial activities, soil microbial Shannon and McIntosh indexes of 10 years soil by 1.50, 2.14 and 1.31 times, respectively. For continuous cropping soil of 10 years, biochar addition significantly increased microbial utilization abilities of carbohydrate, amino acid, phenolic acid and amine by 1.62, 1.81, 1.74 and 1.93 times, respectively. There were remarkable influences of soil bulk density, available P content, CEC, and pH value to changes of soil microbial community. In conclusion, biochar addition optimized the riphzosphere environment, increased cucumber yield, and alleviated continuous cropping obstacles by improving soil physical and chemical properties, as well as soil microbial community.

Effects of split combined application of organic-inorganic fertilizers on plant growth, ¹⁵N absorption, utilization and loss of Gala apple tree

CHEN Qian, LIU Zhao-xia, XING Yue, WU Xiao-xian, GE Shun-feng, JIANG Yuan-mao

2019, 30(4):  1367-1372.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201904.017

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Fifteen-year-old ‘Gala’/M. hupehensis Rehd. trees and ¹⁵N trace technique were used to explore the effects of split combined application of organic-inorganic fertilizers on plant growth, ¹⁵N absorption, utilization and loss. The main results were as follows: compared to control, combined application of organic-inorganic fertilizers significantly increased the root-shoot ratio, chlorophyll content, total nitrogen content of leaves and mean fruit mass. The effects of split combined application of organic-inorganic fertilizers treatment were more obvious than one time combined application. Combined application of organic-inorganic fertilizers treatment improved the capacity of ¹⁵N derived from fertilizer (Ndff) of different organs, with the effects of split combined application of organic-inorganic fertilizers treatment being more significant. The Ndff value of fruits in different treatments were the highest, followed by leaves, biennial branches, fine roots, large roots and perennial branches, and lowest in trunks. Total N content of plant and ¹⁵N-urea utilization rate of the split combined application of organic-inorganic fertilizers treatment were 395.39 g and 28.4% respectively, which were obviously higher than the treatments of one time combined application (342.77 g and 21.1%) and no organic fertilizer application (296.41 g and 14.6%), while ¹⁵N loss rate was 51.3%, which was obviously lower than the treatments of one time combined application (57.5%) and no organic fertilizer application (60.6%).

Effects of nitrogen application levels on translocation and distribution of ¹³C-photosynthate and ¹⁵N to fruit from leaves of apple tree

SHA Jian-chuan, JIA Zhi-hang, XU Xin-xiang, HOU Xin, LI Bing-yu, GE Shun-feng, JIANG Yuan-mao

2019, 30(4):  1373-1379.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201904.011

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A field experiment was carried out in a six-year old ‘Fuji3’/M26/Malus hupehensis Rehd. apple with ¹⁵N and ¹³C labeled tracers, to understand ¹³C assimilation capability and the characteristics of translocation and distribution of ¹³C-photosynthate and ¹⁵N to fruit under different nitrogen application levels (urea 0%, 0.6%, 1.2%, 1.8%, 2.4%, CK, N₁, N₂, N₃, N₄, respectively) to smear the leaves within 20 cm around the fruit at late stage of fruit enlargement. The results showed that, with the increases of urea application, the chlorophyll content, nitrogen content, net photosynthetic rate, sorbitol and sucrose content, sorbitol 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (S6PDH) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activities, ¹³C assimilation capability of leaves were first increased and then decreased, with the highest value in 1.8% urea smear treatment and the lowest value with the treatment of clear water. The ¹³C of self retention (self leaves and self branches) was the highest in clear water (81.6%) and the lowest in 1.8% urea smear treatment (63.5%). The ¹³C was mainly allocated to fruit, followed by unlabeled perennial branch, and the lowest in unlabeled leaves. With the increases of urea application, the ¹³C absorption of fruit was first increased and then decreased, with the highest value in 1.8% urea smear treatment (1.21 mg·g^-1) and the lowest value in clear water (0.51 mg·g^-1). The ¹⁵N absorption of fruit was enhanced with the increases of urea application. These results indicated that foliage application of urea solution improved translocation and distribution of leaf photosynthate and nitrogen to fruit with varying degrees, which was the highest in 1.8% urea smear treatment and could avoid excessive intake of nitrogen to fruit.

Effects of multiple times of topdressing nitrogen application under equal level on utilization and distribution characteristics of ¹⁵N and ¹³C in winter jujube

PENG Ling, DONG Lin-shui, CHEN Yin-ping, SONG Ai-yun, ZHAO Xi-mei, CUI Qian, FENG Lu, LIU Jing-tao

2019, 30(4):  1380-1388.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201904.029

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We explored the effects of multiple times of topdressing nitrogen application under equal level on the characteristics of absorption, utilization, accumulation, and distribution of ¹⁵N and ¹³C in four-year-old potted winter jujube during fruit developmental periods using the stable isotope tra-cer technology. The results showed that with the increases of nitrogen application times, the ¹⁵N derived from fertilizer (Ndff) in each organ significantly increased at the fruit maturity. The distribution rates of ¹⁵N in reproductive organ (fruit) and vegetative organs (leaf, deciduous spur, new branch, and fine root) were highest under four-time application, and lowest under one-time application. The opposite pattern was observed in storage organs (trunk, perennial branch, and coarse root). The ¹⁵N utilization rate under four-time application was 27.4% and 15.5% higher than one-time and two-time application, respectively. The more times N being applied, the more total N content and ¹⁵N absorption amount of plant. Soil ¹⁵N abundance and total N content continued to drop under one-time application and increased at the beginning and then declined with the time under two-time application. The relatively stable soil ¹⁵N abundance and total N content appeared in four-time application, which was significantly higher than those in the other treatments in later treatment stages. The chlorophyll content, leaf nitrogen content and photosynthetic rate displayed an order of four-time application > two-time application > one-time application during fruit white-mature period to fruit harvest period. The accumulation and distribution of ¹³C varied across different treatments. Increasing nitrogen application times would promote more ¹³C being transported to fruit and storage organs but decrease that in annual vegetative organs. Our findings indicated that four-time nitrogen application could enhance and optimize the accumulation and distribution of photosynthetic products by ensuring steady and adequate supply of nitrogen and improving the absorption and utilization of nitrogen during fruit development period, which facilitates the growth, yield and quality of winter jujube.

Effects of different land use patterns on soil potassium distribution in Chengdu Plain, China

DONG Qin, LI Qi-quan, WANG Chang-quan, LI Bing, XU Qiang, LI Meng, LI Guo-yang, ZHANG Lu-xin

2019, 30(4):  1389-1396.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201904.023

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To explore the effects of land use change on the potassium in soil profile under the background of rapid urbanization, we collected data of 187 soil profiles from four typical land use patterns (rice-wheat, rice-vegetable, rice-oil and garden) in Chengdu Plain. The contents of available potassium (AP), slow-acting potassium (SP), mineral potassium (MP), and total potassium (TP) in soil profile under different land use patterns and their relationships were analyzed. Our results showed that compared with the traditional rotation (rice-wheat, rice-oil), soil AP and SP contents significantly varied among different land use patterns. Rice-vegetable rotation increased the contents of AP and SP in the surface soil, while garden land increased the consumption of AP and SP in the soil. For the more stable forms, soil MP and TP, there was no significant difference in their contents under different land use patterns. In the deep soil, the content of AP in the rice-vegetable rotation pattern was significantly decreased with deepening soil layer, and the AP in traditional rotation was significantly higher than that in garden land. The trend of SP was opposite to that of AP. The difference of MP and TP in different land use patterns was small. Among the four land use patterns, the ratio of AP to TP and SP to TP in the lower layer of rice-vegetable rotation was higher than that in other patterns, while the ratio of AP to TP decreased significantly under different land use patterns at 20-40 cm. The change of SP to TP with the downward ratio of soil layer was opposite to that of AP to TP. Additionally, the ratio of MP to TP was relatively stable under different land use patterns. Therefore, different land use patterns exerted significant effects on the distribution of AP and SP in the soil profile of Chengdu Plain.

Effect of reduced nitrogen fertilization on carbon footprint in spring maize-late rice production system

YU Xiang-qun, JIANG Zhen-hui, WANG Jiang-huai, LIN Jing-dong, LIU Yi-zhen, YANG Jing-ping

2019, 30(4):  1397-1403.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201904.038

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With the growing concerns on global climate change and food security, low carbon agriculture in food production attracts more attention. Low carbon agriculture needs to balance higher-level crop yields and lower greenhouse gas emission in production process. Improving nitrogen mana-gement may help mitigate greenhouse gas emission and achieve stable or higher crop yields in crop production systems. In this study, we investigated the effects of nitrogen application rates (150, 225, 300 kg N·hm^-2) on the carbon footprint of spring maize-late rice rotation system in paddy field using the life cycle assessment. The results showed that greenhouse gas emission and carbon footprint increased with the nitrogen fertilizer application rates in both crops. Nitrogen fertilizer was the most important contributor to carbon footprint of spring maize ecosystem, accounting for 36.2%-50.2%. Methane emission increased with nitrogen fertilizer input and contributed the most to the carbon footprint of late rice production, accounting for 42.8%-48.0%. When the nitrogen application rate was reduced by 25% (225 kg N·hm^-2) and 50% (150 kg N·hm^-2), greenhouse gas emission of maize production decreased by 21.9% and 44.3%, and the carbon footprint decreased by 20.3% and 39.1%, respectively. Meanwhile, the greenhouse gas emissions of late rice decreased by 12.3% and 20.4%, and the carbon footprint of late rice decreased by 13.7% and 16.7%, respectively. The reduction of nitrogen fertilizer rate had no significant effect on maize yield, with the treatment of 225 kg N·hm^-2 rate holding the highest yield in late rice ecosystem. The treatment of 150 kg N·hm^-2 rate in spring maize production and 225 kg N·hm^-2 rate in late rice production was the sustainable N fertilizer application rate for achieving high grain yield and reducing the carbon footprint in crop system.

Substitution efficiency of agro-chemical input intensity and its influence factors

YANG Jian-hui, ZHANG Zhao-zhong

2019, 30(4):  1404-1414.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201904.035

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We examined the substitution efficiency of agro-chemical input intensity from 2000 to 2016 in China by employing SE-DEA model and Gini coefficient, and analyzed the driving factors of substitution efficiency with Tobit model. The results showed that the comprehensive efficiency and the scale efficiency of substitution of agro-chemical input intensity displayed the trend of “N-shaped”, while the pure technical efficiency was enhanced with some fluctuations. The regional diffe-rences of substitution efficiency were obvious, with the eastern region relying more heavily on the input scale of substitution factors. The most salient provincial-regional difference was the comprehensive efficiency, followed by the pure technical efficiency, and the least salient regional diffe-rence was the scale efficiency nationwide. The provincial-regional difference decreased year by year within each region. The Eastern region’s provincial-regional difference was the greatest. The substitution efficiency was significantly affected by agricultural technology level, farmers’ income level, agricultural production structure, agricultural development level and industrialization level. Besides, there were obvious differences in the influencing factors among regions. To promote the substitution efficiency of agro-chemical input, it is necessary to improve the efficiency of substitution factors of agro-chemical input intensity, to adjust the development structure of agro-industry, to pay attention to farmers’ income level, and to revise the subsidy policy of substitution of agricultural chemical input intensity.

The characteristics of soil water and gas transport under different land use patterns in the water-wind erosion crisscross region

HAN Lei, PAN Ya-wen, ZHU Zhi-mei, FAN Jun, WANG Sheng

2019, 30(4):  1415-1422.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201904.040

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Understanding the effects of land use patterns on soil water and gas transport in the water-wind erosion crisscross region can provide guidance for high-efficiency use of limited soil and water resource in the ecological rehabilitation process on the Loess Plateau. To investigate the cha-racteristics of soil water and gas transport under different land use patterns and to study the relationships between soil saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_s), air permeability (K_a) and relative gas diffusivity (D_P/D₀), we collected soil samples (0-5 cm depth) from Caragana korshinskii land, abandoned land, alfalfa land, cropland, and bare land. K_s was measured by constant-head method. D_P/D₀ was measured by gas chamber method. K_a under field capacity (FC) was measured using the soil gas permeability meter. Results showed that soil bulk density (ρ_b) ranked as alfalfa land>bare land>abandoned land>C. korshinskii land >cropland, with that of abandoned land, bare land and alfalfa land being significantly different from that of cropland. Total soil porosity (Φ) ranked as cropland>C. korshinskii land>abandoned land>bare land>alfalfa land. Compared with cropland, Φ of alfalfa land, bare land and abandoned land was lower by 7.5%, 4.7% and 3.1%, respectively. Air filled porosity (ε₁₀₀) ranked as cropland>abandoned land>C. korshinskii land>bare land>alfalfa land. ε₁₀₀ of alfalfa land, bare land, C. korshinskii land and abandoned land was lower by 38.3%, 33.6%, 12.8% and 10.1%, respectively, as compared with cropland. Soil K_s ranked as abandoned land>C. korshinskii land>alfalfa land>bare land>cropland, with that of the abandoned land being significantly higher than the other four land use patterns. Soil K_a ranked as abandoned land>alfalfa land>C. korshinskii land>bare land>cropland, with that of abandoned land being significantly diffe-rent with cropland. Soil D_P/D₀ ranked as abandoned land> C. korshinskii land> alfalfa land>cropland>bare land, in which D_P/D₀ of C. korshinskii land and abandoned land was significantly higher than cropland by 36.8% and 61.6%, respectively. There were significant correlations between K_s and K_a, D_P/D₀ under FC conditions. Land use patterns significantly changed soil permeability. Farmland, abandonment, C. korshinskii, and alfalfa plantation improved hydraulic and gas transport parameters of the surface soil. In contrast, farmland and bare land had poor capability of soil water and gas transport.