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应用生态学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (3): 821-828.doi: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202202.037

• 研究论文 • 上一篇    下一篇

黄河流域鱼类食性同资源种团的时空变化

王雨竹1, 潘保柱1*, 巩政2, 李典宝1, 蒋小明1, 陈越1, 李可1   

  1. 1西安理工大学西北旱区生态水利国家重点实验室, 西安 710048;
    2枣庄学院生命科学学院, 山东枣庄 277160
  • 收稿日期:2021-05-07 接受日期:2021-11-22 出版日期:2022-03-15 发布日期:2022-09-15
  • 通讯作者: * E-mail: zhuzipan@xaut.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:王雨竹, 女, 1995年生, 硕士研究生。主要从事水生态与生态毒理研究。E-mail: tyzzzwyz@qq.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金重点项目(51939009)资助。

Spatiotemporal variations of fish feeding guilds in Yellow River basin

WANG Yu-zhu1, PAN Bao-zhu1*, GONG Zheng2, LI Dian-bao1, JIANG Xiao-ming1, CHEN Yue1, LI Ke1   

  1. 1State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China;
    2College of Life Sciences, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, Shandong, China
  • Received:2021-05-07 Accepted:2021-11-22 Online:2022-03-15 Published:2022-09-15

摘要: 鱼类资源保护是黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展的重要环节。通过历史资料整理和野外调查发现,1960—2019年,黄河流域共分布鱼类16目35科201种。其中,鲤形目物种数最多,占比60.7%;鲈形目次之,占比10.0%。1960—1980年分布鱼类15目28科182种;1980—2019年分布鱼类10目23科112种。源区、中游和下游鱼类物种总数显著降低,上游河段略有升高。两个时期间源区、上游、中游和下游的鱼类物种相似度指数分别为34.2%、46.0%、42.4%和35.7%。依据鱼类摄食偏好将黄河鱼类划分为8个食性同资源种团:着生藻类食性、草食性、浮游植物食性、浮游动物食性、杂食性、水生昆虫食性、软体动物食性和鱼食性。相较1960—1980年,1980—2019年间黄河流域水生昆虫食性鱼类占比显著降低;着生藻类食性、草食性、浮游植物食性、杂食性和鱼食性鱼类占比显著升高。1960—1980年,水生昆虫食性鱼类在源区和上游占比较高,于海拔2000~3000 m的河段开始沿河流连续统降低;而鱼食性鱼类在源区和上游占比较低,于海拔2000~3000 m的河段开始沿河流连续统升高。1980—2019年,水生昆虫食性鱼类占比自源区沿河流连续统呈线性降低趋势;鱼食性鱼类占比自源区至中游升高,在下游降低。梯级水电开发、水质污染、流量不足、酷鱼滥捕和外来鱼类入侵是造成黄河鱼类食性同资源种团时空变化的重要因素。

关键词: 黄河, 鱼类群落, 食性同资源种团, 生物多样性

Abstract: Conservation of fish resources is the key to ecological protection and high-quality development of Yellow River basin. From 1960 to 2019, Yellow River basin distributed 201 fish species, belonging to 16 orders, 35 families. The species number of Cypriniformes was the largest (accounting for 60.7%), followed by Perciformes (accounting for 10.0%). From 1960 to 1980, there were 182 fish species belonging to 15 orders, 28 families. During 1980-2019, there were 112 species, belonging to 10 orders, 23 families. The total number of fish species in source area, midstream and downstream decreased significantly, while that in the upper reaches increased slightly. Jaccard's similarity index of source area, upstream, midstream and downstream between two periods were 34.2%, 46.0%, 42.4% and 35.7%, respectively. Based on feeding preference characteristic, fish species could be divided into eight feeding guilds: phytobenthivores, herbivores, phytoplanktivores, zooplanktivores, omnivorous, insectivores, zoobenthivores, and piscivores. Compared with the period from 1960 to 1980, the proportion of insectivores decreased significantly in the Yellow River basin during 1980-2019, while that of phytobenthivores, herbivores, phytoplanktivores, omnivorous and piscivores increased significantly. From 1960 to 1980, the proportion of insectivores was higher than other reaches at source area and upstream, then began to decrease along the river continuum from reaches with elevation of 2000-3000 m; while the proportion of piscivores was lower than other reaches at source area and upstream, then began to increase along the river continuum from reaches with elevation of 2000-3000 m. From 1980 to 2019, the proportion of insectivores decreased along river continuum from source area, and that of piscivores increased from source area to midstream but decreased in downstream. Development of cascade hydropower, water pollution, insufficient water flow, overfishing and invasion of alien fish were important factors causing the spatiotemporal variations of fish feeding guilds in Yellow River basin.

Key words: Yellow River, fish community, feeding guild, biodiversity