Distribution characteristics of exogenous carbon in different carbon fractions in biocrusts-covered soil

doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202011.039

Abstract

Abstract: The distribution characteristics of exogenous carbon (C) in the C fractions of biocrusts-covered soil are critical for understanding the geochemical cycling of C with biocrusts in drylands. A ¹³C pulse labeling experiment was conducted for moss-dominated biocrusts-covered soil and bare soil on the Loess Plateau of China with semiarid climate, with the content of ¹³C in different C fractions being continuously measured to determine the biocrust effects on the distribution of exogenous C in each C fraction. Our results showed that, 1) the ¹³C abundance of each C fraction in the biocrusts-covered soil was steadily changed with time, due to the relatively low rate of nutrient cycling in the biocrusts-covered soil and also to the relatively low biomass of moss in the biocrusts-covered soil as compared with vascular plants. 2) The ¹³C content of each C fraction in the biocrusts-covered soil was significantly higher than that in the bare soil. Specifically, the ¹³C content of total organic C (TOC), microbial biomass C (MBC), and dissolved organic C (DOC) in the biocrusts-covered soil was 0.258, 0.078, and 0.004 mg·kg^-1, respectively, which was 3.1, 18.5, and 2.6 times higher than that in the bare soil. Moreover, the ¹³C content in the moss of the biocrusts-covered soil was 1.45 mg·kg^-1. 3) The presence of biocrusts changed the distribution characteristics of each C fraction, with the newly assimilated C being mainly distributed in active organic C and biological components of the biocrusts-covered soil. In the biocrusts-covered soil, the ¹³C distribution in MBC (30.6%) was higher than that in DOC (1.7%), and the ¹³C distribution in the C of moss was 20.3%. 4) The transferred amount and storage capacity of MB¹³C in the biocrusts-covered soil were 15.7 and 19.5 times of that in the bare soil, respectively. The turnover rate of MB¹³C in the biocrusts-covered soil and bare soil was 2.94 and 3.30 times per month, respectively, implying that the turnover time of MB¹³C in the biocrusts-covered soil was 1.1 times longer than that in the bare soil. In conclusion, biocrusts could greatly change the distribution characteristics of each C fraction and increase C turnover rate, highlighting its important roles in C cycling in dryland ecosystems.

Key words: biological soil crusts, stable isotope tracing, organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon, dissolved organic carbon, carbon turnover rate

YAO Xiao-meng, XIAO Bo, WANG Guo-peng, ZHANG Xin-xin, LI Sheng-long. Distribution characteristics of exogenous carbon in different carbon fractions in biocrusts-covered soil[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2020, 31(11): 3737-3748.

References

[1] 金剑, 王光华, 刘晓冰, 等. 作物生育期内光合碳在地下部的分配及转化. 生态学杂志, 2008, 27(8): 1393-1399 [Jin J, Wang G-H, Liu X-B, et al. Allocation and transformation of photosynthetic carbon in belowground part of crops during their growth period: A review. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2008, 27(8): 1393-1399]
[2] 周国模, 姜培坤. 毛竹林的碳密度和碳贮量及其空间分布. 林业科学, 2004, 40(6): 20-24 [Zhou G-M, Jiang P-K. Density, storage and spatial distribution of carbon in Phyllostachy pubescens forest. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2004, 40(6): 20-24]
[3] Jia G, Liu B, Wang G, et al. The microbial biomass and activity in soil with shrub (Caragana korshinskii K.) plantation in the semi-arid Loess Plateau in China. European Journal of Soil Biology, 2010, 46: 6-10
[4] 李红运, 辛颖, 赵雨森. 火烧迹地不同恢复方式土壤团聚体微生物量碳特征. 水土保持学报, 2016, 30(5): 342-347, 352 [Li H-Y, Xin Y, Zhao Y-S. Cha-racteristics of microbial biomass carbon in soil aggregates of burned area under different restoration. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2016, 30(5): 342-347, 352]
[5] 刘淑霞, 刘景双, 王金达, 等. 用δ¹³C法研究黑土有机碳组分的变化规律. 水土保持学报, 2004, 18(3): 71-73, 97 [Liu S-X, Liu J-S, Wang J-D, et al. Study on dynamic change of soil organic carbon composition in phaeozem by δ¹³C method. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2004, 18(3): 71-73, 97]
[6] 潘根兴, 周萍, 李恋卿, 等. 固碳土壤学的核心科学问题与研究进展. 土壤学报, 2007, 44(2): 327-337 [Pan G-X, Zhou P, Li L-Q, et al. Core issues and research progresses of soil science of C sequestration. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2007, 44(2): 327-337]
[7] 于贵瑞, 王绍强, 陈泮勤, 等. 碳同位素技术在土壤碳循环研究中的应用. 地球科学进展, 2005, 20(5): 568-577 [Yu G-R, Wang S-Q, Chen P-Q, et al. Isotope tracer approaches in soil organic carbon cycle research. Adcances in Earth Science, 2005, 20(5): 568-577]
[8] Xiao B, Sun FH, Hu KL, et al. Biocrusts reduce surface soil infiltrability and impede soil water infiltration under tension and ponding conditions in dryland ecosystem. Journal of Hydrology, 2019, 568: 792-802
[9] Xiao B, Hu KL, Ren TS, et al. Moss-dominated biolo-gical soil crusts significantly influence soil moisture and temperature regimes in semiarid ecosystems. Geoderma, 2016, 263: 35-46
[10] Wilske B, Burgheimer J, Karnieli A, et al. The CO₂ exchange of biological soil crusts in a semiarid grass-shrubland at the northern transition zone of the Negev Desert, Israel. Biogeosciences, 2008, 5: 1411-1423
[11] Yao XM, Xiao B, Kidron GJ, et al. Respiration rate of moss-dominated biocrusts and their relationships with temperature and moisture in a semiarid ecosystem. Catena, 2019, 183: 104195
[12] 王博, 段玉玺, 王伟峰, 等. 库布齐沙漠东部不同生物结皮发育阶段土壤温室气体通量. 应用生态学报, 2019, 30(3): 857-866 [Wang B, Duan Y-X, Wang W-F, et al. Greenhouse gas fluxes at different growth stages of biological soil crusts in eastern Hobq desert, China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2019, 30(3): 857-866]
[13] Zhang ZS, Dong XJ, Liu YB, et al. Soil oxidases reco-vered faster than hydrolases in a 50-year chronosequence of desert revegetation. Plant and Soil, 2012, 358: 275-287
[14] 李云飞, 都军, 张雪, 等. 腾格里沙漠东南缘不同类型生物土壤结皮对土壤有机碳矿化的影响. 生态学报, 2020, 40(5):1580-1589 [Li Y-F, Du J, Zhang X, et al. Carbon mineralization of soil covered by diffe-rent types of biological crusts in the southeastern fringe of the Tengger Desert. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2020, 40(5): 1580-1589]
[15] 赵允格, 许明祥, 王全九, 等. 黄土丘陵区退耕地生物结皮对土壤理化性状的影响. 自然资源学报, 2006, 21(3): 441-448 [Zhao Y-G, Xu M-X, Wang Q-J, et al. Impact of biological soil crust on soil physical and chemical properties of rehabilitated grassland in hilly Loess Plateau, China. Journal of Natural Resources, 2006, 21(3): 441-448]
[16] 姚小萌, 肖波, 王国鹏, 等. 外源输入氮素在藓类生物土壤结皮中各氮组分的分配特征与归趋途径. 应用生态学报, 2020, 31(8): 2653-2662 [Yao X-M, Xiao B, Wang G-P, et al. Distribution of exogenous nitrogen fractions and their fate in moss-dominated biological soil crusts. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2020, 31(8): 2653-2662]
[17] Dawson TE, Mambelli S, Plamboeck AH, et al. Stable isotopes in plant ecology. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 2002, 33: 507-559
[18] 刘萍, 江春玉, 李忠佩. ¹³C脉冲标记定量研究施氮量对光合碳在水稻-土壤系统中分布的影响. 土壤学报, 2015, 52(3): 567-575 [Liu P, Jiang C-Y, Li Z-P. Quantitative research on effects of nitrogen application rate on distribution of photosynthetic carbon in rice-soil system using pulse ¹³C labeling technique. Acta Pedolo-gica Sinica, 2015, 52(3): 567-575]
[19] 沈其荣, 殷士学, 杨超光, 等. ¹³C标记技术在土壤和植物营养研究中的应用. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2000, 6(1): 98-105 [Shen Q-R, Yin S-X, Yang C-G, et al. Application of ¹³C labelling technique to soil science and plant nutrition. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2000, 6(1): 98-105]
[20] 李苗苗, 聂三安, 陈晓娟, 等. 水稻光合同化碳在土壤不同粒径、密度分组中的分配特征. 环境科学, 2013, 34(4): 1568-1575 [Li M-M, Nie S-A, Chen X-J, et al. Distribution characteristics of rice photosynthesized carbon in soil aggregates of different size and density. Environmental Science, 2013, 34(4): 1568-1575]
[21] 简燕, 曾冠军, 周萍, 等. 自养微生物同化碳在土壤腐殖质组分及团聚体中的分配. 环境科学研究, 2014, 27(12): 1499-1504 [Jian Y, Zeng G-J, Zhou P, et al. Input and distribution of autotrophic microbe-assimilated carbon in humus and aggregate fractions of soils. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2014, 27(12): 1499-1504]
[22] 邓扬悟, 唐纯, 袁红朝, 等. ¹³C脉冲标记法: 不同生育期水稻光合碳在植物-土壤系统中的分配. 生态学报, 2017, 37(19): 6466-6471 [Deng Y-W, Tang C, Yuan H-C, et al. The ¹³C-CO₂ pulsing labeling method: Distribution of rice photosynthetic carbon in plant-soil systems during different rice growth stages. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2017, 37(19): 6466-6471]
[23] 齐鑫, 王敬国. 应用¹³C脉冲标记方法研究不同施氮量对冬小麦净光合碳分配及其向地下输入的影响. 农业环境科学学报, 2008, 27(6): 2524-2530 [Qi X, Wang J-G. Distribution and translocation of assimilated C pluse-labeled with ¹³C for winter wheat (Tricum aestivums), as affected by nitrogen supply. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2008, 27(6): 2524-2530]
[24] 刘学炎, 肖化云, 刘丛强, 等. 苔藓新老组织及其根际土壤的碳氮元素含量和同位素组成¹³C和¹⁵N对比. 植物生态学报, 2007, 31(6): 1168-1173 [Liu X-Y, Xiao H-Y, Liu C-Q, et al. Contents and isotopic composition of C and N in moss (Haplocladium microphyllum) tissues and soil rhizosphere. Journal of Plant Ecology, 2007, 31(6): 1168-1173]
[25] 鲍士旦. 土壤农化分析. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2000 [Bao S-D. Soil and Agro-chemistry Analysis. Beijing: China Agricultural Science and Technology Press, 2000]
[26] 安婷婷, 汪景宽, 李双异, 等. 用¹³C脉冲标记方法研究施肥与地膜覆盖对玉米光合碳分配的影响. 土壤学报, 2013, 50(5): 948-955 [An T-T, Wang J-K, Li S-Y, et al. Effect of fertilization and plastic film mulching on distribution of photosynthetically fixed carbon in maize: Explored with ¹³C pulse labeling technique. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2013, 50(5): 948-955]
[27] 孙昭安, 陈清, 韩笑, 等. ¹³C脉冲标记法定量冬小麦光合碳分配及其向地下的输入. 环境科学, 2018, 39(6): 2837-2844 [Sun S-A, Chen Q, Han X, et al. Estimation of winter wheat photosynthesized carbon distribution and allocation belowground via ¹³C pulse-labeling. Environmental Science, 2018, 39(6): 2837-2844]
[28] 韦莉莉, 张小全, 侯振宏, 等. 全球气候变化研究的新技术-稳定碳同位素分析的应用. 世界林业研究, 2005, 18(2): 16-19 [Wei L-L, Zhang X-Q, Hou Z-H, et al. Application of stable carbon isotope analysis in the research on global climate change. World Forestry Research, 2005, 18(2): 16-19]
[29] 薛菁芳, 汪景宽, 李双异, 等. 长期地膜覆盖和施肥条件下玉米生物产量及其构成的变化研究. 玉米科学, 2006, 14(5): 66-70 [Xue J-F, Wang J-K, Li S-Y, et al. Studies on changes of corn biomass yield and its components under the condition of long-term plastic film-mulching and fertilization. Journal of Maize Sciences, 2006, 14(5): 66-70]
[30] Ostle N, Ineson P, Benham D, et al. Carbon assimilation and turnover in grassland vegetation using an in situ ¹³CO₂ pulse labelling system. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 2000, 14: 1345-1350
[31] Minoda T, Kimura M. Contribution of photosynthesized carbon to the methane emitted from paddy fields. Geophysical Research Letters, 1994, 21: 2007-2010
[32] 谭立敏, 吴昊, 李卉, 等. 不同施氮量下水稻分蘖期光合碳向土壤碳库的输入及其分配的量化研究: ¹³C连续标记法. 环境科学, 2014, 35(5): 1933-1938 [Tan L-M, Wu H, Li H, et al. Input and distribution of rice photosynthesized carbon in the tillering stage under different nitrogen application following continuous ¹³C labeling. Environmental Science, 2014, 35(5):1933-1938]
[33] Butler JL, Bottomley PJ, Griffith SM, et al. Distribution and turnover of recently fixed photosynthate in ryegrass rhizospheres. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2004, 36: 371-382
[34] Eilers KG, Lauber CL, Knight R, et al. Shifts in bacterial community structure associated with inputs of low molecular weight carbon compounds to soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2010, 42: 896-903
[35] 王季斐, 童瑶瑶, 祝贞科, 等. 不同水平外源碳在稻田土壤中转化与分配的微生物响应特征. 环境科学, 2019, 40(2): 970-977 [Wang J-F, Tong Y-Y, Zhu Z-K, et al. Transformation and distribution of soil orga-nic carbon and the microbial characteristics in response to different exogenous carbon input levels in paddy soil. Environmental Science, 2019, 40(2): 970-977]
[36] 何敏毅, 孟凡乔, 史雅娟, 等. 用¹³C脉冲标记法研究玉米光合碳分配及其向地下的输入. 环境科学, 2008, 29(2): 2446-2453 [He M-Y, Meng F-Q, Shi Y-J, et al. Estimating photosynthesized carbon distribution and inputs into belowground in a maize soil follo-wing ¹³C pulse-labeling. Environmental Science, 2008, 29(2): 2446-2453]
[37] 姚槐应, 何振立, 黄昌勇. 红壤微生物量氮的周转期及其研究意义. 土壤学报, 1999, 36(3): 387-394 [Yao H-Y, He Z-L, Huang C-Y. Turnover period of microbial biomass nitrogen in red soils and its significance in soil fertility evaluation. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 1999, 36(3): 387-394]
[38] 汤宏, 沈健林, 刘杰云, 等. 稻秸的不同组分对水稻土微生物量碳氮及可溶性有机碳氮的影响. 水土保持学报, 2017, 31(4): 264-271 [Tang H, Shen J-L, Liu J-Y, et al. Effects of different ingredients of rice straw incorporation on soil microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and dissolved organic carbon, nitrogen in rice paddy soil. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2017, 31(4): 264-271]
[39] Boyer JN, Groffman PM. Bioavailability of water extrac-table organic carbon fractions in forest and agricultural soil profiles. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 1996, 28: 783-790
[40] Gregorich EG, Liang BC, Drury CF, et al. Elucidation of the source and turnover of water soluble and microbial biomass carbon in agricultural soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2000, 32: 581-587
[41] Kalbitz K, Schwesig D, Rethemeyer J, et al. Stabilization of dissolved organic matter by sorption to the mine-ral soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2005, 37: 1319-1331
[42] 朴河春, 朱建明, 余登利, 等. 贵州山区土壤微生物生物量的碳同位素组成与有机碳同位素效应. 第四纪研究, 2003, 23(5): 546-556 [Piao H-C, Zhu J-M, Yu D-L, et al. Carbon isotope composition in soil microbial biomass and organic carbon isotope effect. Quaternary Sciences, 2003, 23(5): 546-556]
[43] Insam H, Parkinson D, Domsch KH. Influence of macroclimate on soil microbial biomass. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 1989, 21: 211-221
[44] Sparling GP, Pankhurst C, Doube BM. Soil microbial biomass, activity and nutrient cycling as indicators of soil health// Pankhurst CE, Doube BM, Gupta VVSR, eds. Biological Indicators of Soil Health. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, 1997: 97-119
[45] Griffiths RI, Manefield M, Ostle N, et al. ¹³CO₂ pulse labelling of plants in tandem with stable isotope probing: Methodological considerations for examining microbial function in the rhizosphere. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 2004, 58: 119-129
[46] 武天云, Jeff JS, 李凤民, 等. 土壤有机质概念和分组技术研究进展. 应用生态学报, 2004, 15(4): 717-722 [Wu T-Y, Jeff JS, Li F-M, et al. Concepts and relative analytical techniques of soil organic matter. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2004, 15(4): 717-722]
[47] 刘微, 吕豪豪, 陈英旭, 等. 稳定碳同位素技术在土壤-植物系统碳循环中的应用. 应用生态学报, 2008, 19(3): 674-680 [Liu W, Lyu H-H, Chen Y-X, et al. Application of stable carbon isotope technique in the research of carbon cycling in soil-plant system. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2008, 19(3): 674-680]