不同生境下北京园林树木健康状况

doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202507.002

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 城市树木健康受物种环境适应性差异及生境异质性的双重影响,其管理面临严峻挑战。本研究以北京园林树木为对象开展调查,建立包含14个指标的五级健康评价体系(健康、亚健康、不健康、明显衰弱、濒死),分析北京园林树木的健康现状,以及6类典型生境(密林、疏林、种植带、树池、近水体、建筑旁)对其影响。结果表明: 研究共调查到3654株树木,分属27科44属80种,其中,亚健康及以下等级树木占比达71.7%。样株数前10位树种(占总样本46.3%)健康差异显著,其中,银杏、二球悬铃木、臭椿、楸、油松为亚健康,槐、美国红梣、毛白杨、栾、紫叶李为不健康。银杏在枯枝率、冠型及树干损伤方面表现最佳,二球悬铃木在枝叶病虫害程度、树叶茂密程度、主干倾斜度及树势方面表现最佳,而紫叶李在枝叶病虫害程度、叶色异常及树势方面表现最差。6类生境下,树木健康差异显著,整体表现为疏林 > 密林 > 近水体 > 建筑旁 > 种植带 > 树池生境。疏林生境下植株健康状况整体良好,密林生境下冠型缺陷明显,近水体生境下枝叶病虫害严重,建筑旁生境下叶色异常程度高,树池生境下树势衰退显著。综上,北京园林树木面临较高的健康风险,银杏和二球悬铃木对城市环境的适应力较强,而紫叶李较敏感;疏林生境能为树木健康生长提供优良条件,而树池生境对其阻碍作用最显著。

关键词: 园林树木, 健康状况, 种间差异, 城市生境, 北京

Abstract: The health of urban trees is jointly influenced by species-specific environmental adaptability and habitat heterogeneity, posing severe challenges for management. We investigated landscaping trees in Beijing, established a five-tier health evaluation system (healthy, sub-healthy, unhealthy, severe decline, and moribund) comprising 14 indicators. Then, we analyzed current health status and the influence of six typical habitats: dense forest, sparse forest, tree belt, tree pond, waterside, and buildingside. A total of 3654 trees were surveyed, which belonged to 80 species, 44 genera, 27 families. 71.7% of the trees were rated as sub-healthy or worse. The top 10 species by number of samples (46.3% of total) showed significant health variations. Ginkgo biloba, Platanus ×acerifolia, Ailanthus altissima, Catalpa bungei, and Pinus tabuliformis were classified as sub-healthy, while Styphnolobium japonicum, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Populus tomentosa, Koelreuteria paniculata, and Prunus cerasifera ‘Atropurpurea’ were classified as unhealthy. G. biloba exhibited optimal performance in dead branch rate, crown form, and trunk injury severity. P. ×acerifolia exhibited optimal performance in foliage disease and pest severity, foliage density, trunk inclination degree, and tree vigor, whereas P. cerasifera ‘Atropurpurea’ showed the poorest performance in foliage disease and pest severity, leaf discoloration, and tree vigor. Tree health varied significantly across the six habitats, ranked as sparse forest > dense forest > waterside > buildingside > tree belt > tree pond. Trees in spare forest habitat exhibited favorable overall healthy. Dense forest habitat exhibited notable crown form deficiencies. Waterside habitat suffered higher foliage disease and pest severity. Buildingside habitat exhibited pronounced leaf discoloration. Tree pond habitat exhibited marked tree vigor decline. In conclusion, Beijing landscaping trees faced substantial health risks, G. biloba and P. ×acerifolia demonstrated strong urban adaptability, while P. cerasifera ‘Atropurpurea’ exhibited sensitivity; sparse forest habitat provided optimal growing conditions, whereas tree pond habitat imposed the most significant constraints on tree health.

Key words: landscaping tree, health status, interspecific difference, urban habitat, Beijing

赵小玉, 张梦园, 常家僡, 舒顺怡, 范舒欣, 董丽. 不同生境下北京园林树木健康状况[J]. 应用生态学报, 2025, 36(7): 2028-2038.

ZHAO Xiaoyu, ZHANG Mengyuan, CHANG Jiahui, SHU Shunyi, FAN Shuxin, DONG Li. Health status of landscaping trees in different habitats in Beijing, China[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2025, 36(7): 2028-2038.

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