长期不同施肥模式下旱地红壤肥力变化及综合质量评价

doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202510.013

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 分析长期施肥处理对旱地红壤肥力的影响,并筛选出能够培肥土壤的适宜施肥模式,对提升土壤肥力和作物增产具有重要意义。本研究依托江西省进贤县张公镇为期37年(1986—2023年)的长期定位施肥试验,选取不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、单施化肥(NPK)、施两倍化肥(2NPK)、单施有机肥(OM)、化肥与有机肥配施(NPKM)6个处理,分析了不同施肥处理下玉米土壤物理、化学、生物学指标和产量的变化特征,并借助土壤肥力质量综合指数(IFI)对土壤肥力进行综合评价。结果表明:与CK相比,长期施用有机肥(OM和NPKM)显著提高了土壤pH、大团聚体、有机质、全氮、全磷、速效养分含量及过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、葡萄糖苷酶、纤维素酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶活性;长期单施化肥(NPK和2NPK)对上述指标的提升作用相对较弱,而长期单施氮肥(N)则导致土壤pH、有机质、全氮、全磷、速效养分含量及过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、葡萄糖苷酶活性下降。NPK、2NPK、OM和NPKM均较CK显著提高了玉米总产量,增幅分别为847.6%、712.7%、716.3%和1162.7%。相关分析表明,玉米产量与土壤大团聚体、pH、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、有效磷及过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、葡萄糖苷酶、纤维素酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶活性呈极显著正相关。最小数据集与全量数据集下IFI均表现为:NPKM>OM>2NPK>NPK>CK>N,且两者之间呈极显著正相关。因此,长期化肥与有机肥配施对旱地红壤肥力和玉米产量的提高效果最佳。碱解氮、全磷、pH、过氧化氢酶可作为关键肥力指标客观评价旱地红壤肥力质量。

关键词: 旱地红壤, 土壤性质, 土壤肥力质量评价指标, 长期施肥, 玉米产量

Abstract: Analyzing the effects of long-term fertilization treatments on dryland red soil fertility and identifying optimal fertilization regimes for soil amelioration are of great significance for enhancing soil fertility and crop yield. Based on a 37-year fertilization experiment (1986-2023) in Jiangxi Province, we examined the impacts of six treatments, no fertilization (CK), nitrogen-only (N), chemical fertilizer (NPK), double-dose chemical fertilizer (2NPK), organic manure (OM), and combined chemical-organic fertilization (NPKM) on soil physical, chemical, and biological properties, maize yield, and comprehensively assessed soil fertility using the integrated fertility index (IFI). The results showed that long-term organic fertilization (OM and NPKM) significantly increased soil pH, macroaggregate content, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available nutrients, and activities of catalase, sucrase, glucosidase cellulase, urease, and acid phosphatase. Long-term chemical fertilization (NPK and 2NPK) showed weak improvements in these parameters, while long-term application of nitrogen-only (N) reduced soil pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available nutrients content, and the activities of catalase, sucrase, and glucosidase. NPK, 2NPK, OM and NPKM treatments significantly increased maize yield relative to CK by 847.6%, 712.7%, 716.3%, and 1162.7% respectively. Maize yield exhibited significant positive correlations with soil macroaggregates, pH, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus contents, and activities of all the tested enzymes. The IFI values derived from both minimum and full datasets consistently ranked: NPKM>OM>2NPK>NPK>CK>N, with a significant positive correlation between datasets. Thus, long-term combined chemical-organic fertilization optimally could enhance dryland red soil fertility and maize yield. Alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, total phosphorus, pH, and catalase were key indicators for evaluating soil fertility.

Key words: dryland red soil, soil property, evaluation indicators for soil fertility quality, long-term fertilization, maize yield.

杨显华, 钟义军, 柳开楼, 李大明, 杨添雨, 刘炜, 黄羽翔, 金慧芳. 长期不同施肥模式下旱地红壤肥力变化及综合质量评价[J]. 应用生态学报, 2025, 36(10): 3007-3016.

YANG Xianhua, ZHONG Yijun, LIU Kailou, LI Daming, YANG Tianyu, LIU Wei, HUANG Yuxiang, JIN Huifang. Fertility changes and comprehensive quality evaluation of dryland red soil under different long-term fertilization patterns[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2025, 36(10): 3007-3016.

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