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Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology ›› 2025, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (6): 1791-1802.doi: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202506.017

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Effects of phosphorus fertilizer application rates on the characteristics of flag leaves senescence and grain filling of wheat

LIN Tingting1, ZHANG Yongli1*, SHI Yu1, ZHANG Zhen1, SI Jisheng2   

  1. 1State Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/College of Agriculture, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China;
    2Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ji’nan 250100, China
  • Received:2024-09-25 Accepted:2025-04-28 Online:2025-06-18 Published:2025-12-18

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Abstract: Clarifying the effects of different phosphorus (P) application rates on grain weight and yield of wheat under water-saving supplementary irrigation can provide a basis for determining a reasonable amount of phosphate fertilization. Taking ‘Jimai 22’ as the test material in the wheat growing season of 2022-2023 and 2023-2024, we set up five P application rates of 0 (P0), 45 (P1), 90 (P2), 135 (P3) and 180 kg·hm-2(P4), with the soil relative moisture being supplemented to 70% in the 0-40 cm soil layer at the jointing and anthesis stages. We measured the chlorophyll fluorescence and senescence characteristics of flag leaves and grain filling traits in wheat. The results showed that compared with P0 and P1 treatments, maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), actual photochemical efficiency (ΦPSⅡ), photochemical quenching coefficient (qp), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and soluble protein content of flag leaves were significantly increased in P2 treatment after anthesis, while the non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content of flag leaves were significantly decreased, and the high duration value of the relative chlorophyll content (SPAD) of flag leaves was prolonged. In the two growing seasons, P2 treatment significantly increased the active growth period (D) and actual final filling period (T) of grains, soluble sugar content, and starch accumulation compared to P0 and P1 treatments. 1000-grain weight in P2 treatment in the 2022-2023 and 2023-2024 growing seasons was increased by 11.5% and 11.9% compared to P0 treatment, and increased by 9.0% and 9.2% compared to P1 treatment, respectively. The grain yield was 30.9% and 37.9% higher respectively than that under P0 treatment, and 17.3% and 21.1% higher respectively than that under P1 treatment. When P application rate was increased to those in P3 and P4 treatments, NPQ and MDA, as well as other indices did not increase. The 1000-grain weight was significantly and positively correlated with Fv/Fm, ΦPSⅡ, qp, SOD, soluble protein content, D, T, grain soluble sugar content and starch accumulation, and negatively correlated with NPQ and MDA. In conclusion, under water-saving irrigation supplementary irrigation conditions, 90 kg·hm-2 was the optimal P application rate, which could ensure the strong photosynthetic capacity of flag leaves, prolong grain filling time, promote grain starch accumulation, increase the grain weight, yield and phosphate fertilizer agronomic efficiency.

Key words: wheat, phosphorus fertilizer application rate, chlorophyll fluorescence, senescence characteristics, grain filling, grain weight