基于15N示踪的东北黑土地保护性耕作农田减氮增产调控机制

doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202304.032

应用生态学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (4): 876-882.doi: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202304.032

• 黑土地保护与农业可持续发展专栏 • 上一篇下一篇

基于¹⁵N示踪的东北黑土地保护性耕作农田减氮增产调控机制

苗贺¹, 袁磊^2,3, 杨淼茵^2,5, 胡艳宇^2,3, 陈欣^2,3, 何红波^2,3, 张旭东^2,3, 解宏图^2,3, 鲁彩艳^2,4*

¹辽宁大学环境学院, 沈阳 110036;
²中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所, 沈阳 110016;
³辽宁省现代保护性耕作与生态农业重点实验室, 沈阳 110016;
⁴辽宁省稳定同位素技术重点实验室, 沈阳 110016;
⁵中国科学院大学, 北京 100049

收稿日期:2022-12-07 接受日期:2023-03-01 出版日期:2023-04-15 发布日期:2023-10-15
通讯作者: *E-mail: microyan76@126.com
作者简介:苗贺, 男, 1994年生, 硕士研究生。主要从事土壤氮循环及其环境效应研究。E-mail:1462165455@qq.com
基金资助:
黑土地保护与利用科技创新工程专项(XDA28090400)、国家自然科学基金项目(42177005,41877098)、中国博士后科学基金项目(2022M713295)、沈阳市科技计划项目(22-317-2-01)和中国科学院特别研究助理项目(2022000137)

Mechanisms of conservation tillage on nitrogen-fertilizer reduction and maize grain improvement in Mollisols of Northeast China: Insights from a ¹⁵N tracing study

MIAO He¹, YUAN Lei^2,3, YANG Miaoyin^2,5, HU Yanyu^2,3, CHEN Xin^2,3, HE Hongbo^2,3, ZHANG Xudong^2,3, XIE Hongtu^2,3, LU Caiyan^2,4*

¹School of Environment, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China;
²Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China;
³Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Conservation Tillage and Ecological Agriculture, Shenyang 110016, China;
⁴Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Stable Isotope Techniques and Applications, Shen-yang 110016, China;
⁵University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Received:2022-12-07 Accepted:2023-03-01 Online:2023-04-15 Published:2023-10-15

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 保护性耕作是退化黑土地培肥地力的重要措施,但地力提升后氮肥减施条件下保护性耕作农田的稳产增产是否具有可持续性尚不明晰。本研究依托中国科学院保护性耕作研发基地的长期免耕定位试验研究平台,设置常规垄作(RT)、免耕无秸秆还田(NT0)、免耕100%秸秆还田(NTS)和连续9年免耕100%秸秆还田培肥后氮肥减施20%(RNTS)4个处理,采用¹⁵N示踪田间微区试验,探究长期保护性耕作培肥地力下氮肥减施对玉米产量和肥料氮转化的影响。结果表明: 经过一个完整生育期,不同耕作方式下肥料氮在东北黑土农田中的土壤残留率、植株利用率和气态损失率平均比例分别为34%、50%和16%;与常规垄作相比,保护性耕作(NTS和RNTS)使肥料氮当季利用效率显著提高了10%～14%。通过氮素来源分析发现,不同耕作方式下植株及各部位(籽粒、秸秆、根和玉米芯)吸收的肥料氮占其总吸氮量的比例均在40%左右,土壤始终是为作物供应氮素的主体;与常规垄作相比,保护性耕作通过降低土壤扰动、增加有机质输入显著提高了0～40 cm土壤全氮储量,有效保障了退化黑土地农田土壤氮库扩容增效。2016—2018年,NTS和RNTS处理玉米产量较常规垄作显著提高。综上,长期实施免耕秸秆覆盖还田耕作方式,可提高肥料氮当季利用效率、保障土壤对作物持续供氮,即使氮肥减施20%,也可实现连续3个生长季玉米稳产高产,同时降低肥料氮损失带来的环境风险,实现东北黑土地农业绿色可持续发展。

关键词: 东北黑土区, 免耕, 秸秆还田, 氮肥减施, ¹⁵N示踪

Abstract: Conservation tillage is an important management practice to guarantee soil fertility in degraded Mollisols. It is still unclear, however, whether the improvement and stability of crop yield under conservation tillage can be sustainable with increasing soil fertility and reducing fertilizer-N application. Based on a long-term tillage experiment initiated in Lishu Conservation Tillage Research and Development Station by Chinese Academy of Sciences, we conducted a ¹⁵N tracing field micro-plot experiment to investigate the effects of reducing nitrogen application on maize yield and fertilizer-N transformation under long-term conservation tillage agroecosystem. There were four treatments, including conventional ridge tillage (RT), no-tillage with 0% (NT0), 100% (NTS) maize straw mul-ching, and 20% reduced fertilizer-N plus 100% maize stover mulching (RNTS). The results showed that after a complete cultivation round, the average percentages of fertilizer N recovery in soil residues, crop usage, and gaseous loss were 34%, 50%, and 16%, respectively. Compared with conventional ridge tillage, no-tillage with maize straw mulching (NTS and RNTS) significantly increased the use efficiency of fertilizer N in current season by 10% to 14%. From the perspective of N sourcing analysis, the average percentage of fertilizer N absorbed by crop parts (including seeds, straws, roots, and cobs) to the total N uptake reached nearly 40%, indicating that soil N pool was the main source of N for crop uptakes. In comparison with conventional ridge tillage, conservation tillage significantly increased total N storage in 0-40 cm by reducing soil disturbance and increasing organic inputs, and thus ensured the expansion and efficiency increment of soil N pool in degraded Mollisols. Compared with conventional ridge tillage, NTS and RNTS treatments significantly increased the maize yield from 2016 to 2018. In all, by improving fertilizer nitrogen utilization efficiency and maintaining the continuous supply of soil nitrogen, long-term management of no-tillage with maize straw mulching could achieve a stable and increasing maize yield in three consecutive growing seasons and simultaneously reduce environmental risks derived by fertilizer-N losses, even under the condition of 20% reduction of fertilizer-N application, and thus actualize the sustainable development of agriculture in Mollisols of Northeast China.

Key words: Mollisols of Northeast China, no-tillage, straw mulching, nitrogen fertilizer reduction, ¹⁵N tracing

苗贺, 袁磊, 杨淼茵, 胡艳宇, 陈欣, 何红波, 张旭东, 解宏图, 鲁彩艳. 基于¹⁵N示踪的东北黑土地保护性耕作农田减氮增产调控机制[J]. 应用生态学报, 2023, 34(4): 876-882.

MIAO He, YUAN Lei, YANG Miaoyin, HU Yanyu, CHEN Xin, HE Hongbo, ZHANG Xudong, XIE Hongtu, LU Caiyan. Mechanisms of conservation tillage on nitrogen-fertilizer reduction and maize grain improvement in Mollisols of Northeast China: Insights from a ¹⁵N tracing study[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2023, 34(4): 876-882.

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基于¹⁵N示踪的东北黑土地保护性耕作农田减氮增产调控机制

Mechanisms of conservation tillage on nitrogen-fertilizer reduction and maize grain improvement in Mollisols of Northeast China: Insights from a ¹⁵N tracing study

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