播种方式对黄淮海麦区西部冬小麦氮素利用与产量形成的影响

doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202306.016

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 为探索黄淮海麦区最优播种方式,明确不同播种方式对冬小麦产量和氮效率的影响差异及其机制,本研究于2016—2019年连续3个生长季在黄淮海麦区西部的晋南地区设置宽幅匀播(WSS)、探墒沟播(FS)、立体匀播(TDUS)3种优化播种方式和常规条播(CDS,对照)开展田间试验。结果表明: 2016—2019年3个冬小麦生长季的温度、光照、降水等气象要素存在较大的年际及年内变化;与常规条播相比,优化播种方式下,得益于单位面积穗数增加,3个生长季小麦籽粒产量分别提高18.3%～55.5%、8.6%～22.3%、10.9%～39.5%。氮素吸收率显著提升5.8%～57.1%,花前氮素转运比显著提高3.0%～15.3%,氮效率显著提高7.9%～35.7%。综合气象要素与大田数据构建结构方程模型发现,优化播种方式可以通过减少极端低温对小麦群体大小的负面影响,提高群体氮素积累速率和花前氮素转运量,确保高穗数群体籽粒氮素的供应量,实现高产高效栽培。在气象因子均衡的2016—2017年生长季,宽幅匀播、探墒沟播和立体匀播均提高了群体氮素积累量与转运量,并优化了产量构成因子,进而实现了高产高效;在气象因子分布不均(出现极端低温)的2017—2018和2018—2019年生长季,宽幅匀播确保了拔节期茎蘖数,提升了花前氮素吸收量和转运量,立体匀播则保证了较稳定的氮素积累速率,进而实现稳产。

关键词: 播种方式, 冬小麦, 籽粒产量, 氮素吸收利用, 氮效率

Abstract: To examine the differences of three improved sowing methods in winter wheat yield and nitrogen efficiency and reveal the characteristics responsible for such differences, we conducted field experiments in the Jinnan area of the western Huang-Huai-Hai wheat region for three consecutive seasons from 2016 to 2019. The three improved sowing methods were wide space sowing (WSS), furrow sowing in moisture soil (FS), and three-dimensional uniform sowing (TDUS), with conventional drilling sowing (CDS) as the control. The results showed that meteorological factors such as accumulated temperature, solar radiation, and precipitation in the growing seasons from 2016 to 2019 showed great intra- and inter-annual variations. Compared with CDS, the improved sowing methods (WSS, FS, and TDUS) enhanced spike number per unit area and increased grain yield in three growing seasons by 18.3%-55.5%, 8.6%-22.2%, and 10.9%-39.5%, respectively. The three methods increased nitrogen uptake efficiency (NE_up) by 5.8%-57.1%, pre-flowering nitrogen transfer ratio (N_p/N_t) by 3.0%-15.3%, and nitrogen efficiency by 7.9%-35.7%, respectively. We developed a structural equation model (SEM) by integrating meteorological factors and experimental variables. The results showed that the three improved sowing methods could reduce the effects of extreme low temperature on wheat plant population, increase NE_up and N_p/N_t, and provide sufficient nitrogen supply to the grains of high-spike number wheat population for high yield and high nitrogen efficiency. In summary, our results demonstrated that WSS, FS, and TDUS all improved NE_up and N_p/N_t in the 2016-2017 season when meteorological conditions were favorable for wheat growth, and enhanced yield components with high SN, leading to high yield and high nitrogen efficiency. In contrast, in both 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 seasons with extremely low temperature and uneven distribution of meteorological conditions, WSS had a higher number of tillers at the jointing stage and enhanced pre-flowering nitrogen uptake and translocation, whereas TDUS had a relatively stable nitrogen uptake rate, leading to a stable grain yield.

Key words: sowing pattern, winter wheat, grain yield, nitrogen uptake and utilization, nitrogen use efficiency

杨毅轩, 陈应枝, 唐芃, 林文, 孙敏, 高志强. 播种方式对黄淮海麦区西部冬小麦氮素利用与产量形成的影响[J]. 应用生态学报, 2023, 34(6): 1572-1582.

YANG Yixuan, CHEN Yingzhi, TANG Peng, LIN Wen, SUN Min, GAO Zhiqiang. Effects of sowing patterns on nitrogen utilization and yield formation of winter wheat in the western Huang-Huai-Hai region[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2023, 34(6): 1572-1582.

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