蚯蚓与土壤健康的研究进展

doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202502.036

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 土壤健康与土壤功能及植物生产力密切相关,能够反映土壤的物理、化学和生物特性。土壤健康对保障粮食安全、维护生态平衡以及促进人类健康都至关重要。蚯蚓因其独特的生物学特性,被誉为土壤中的“生态系统工程师”。蚯蚓不仅被用作土壤健康的指示生物,还在改善土壤健康方面发挥着重要作用。它们通过掘穴、取食、消化、排泄以及分泌体表粘液等,对土壤健康产生深远影响。本文综述了蚯蚓在改善土壤结构、加速有机质的分解、增加土壤微生物多样性、促进养分循环以及为植物生长提供养分等方面的功能,阐述了蚯蚓在协同肠道微生物加速土壤中污染物的消减、提高土壤的净化能力、从而维持土壤生态系统的平衡、促进土壤健康并提高作物产量方面的作用,并对蚯蚓与土壤健康相关的研究进行展望。

关键词: 蚯蚓, 土壤改良, 土壤健康, 生态功能

Abstract: Soil health, reflecting the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil is closely related to soil functions and plant productivity. Soil health is crucial for ensuring food security, ecological balance, and human health. Earthworms are known as ecosystem engineers, due to their unique biological characteristics. They are not only indicators of soil health but also play an important role in improving soil health. Earthworms have profound impacts on soil health through their activities such as burrowing, feeding, digesting, excreting, and secreting mucus from their body surface. We reviewed research advances on the roles of earthworms in improving soil structure, accelerating the decomposition of organic matter, increasing soil microbial diversity, promoting nutrient cycling, and providing nutrients for plant growth. Furthermore, we elaborated the role of earthworms in collaborating with their gut microbiota to accelerate the reduction of pollutants in the soil, improve soil purification capacity, maintain ecosystem balance, promote soil health, and increase crop yields. Moreover, we provided an outlook on future researches related to earthworms and soil health.

Key words: earthworm; soil improvement; soil health; ecological function

刘若文, 翟俊杰, 王兴. 蚯蚓与土壤健康的研究进展[J]. 应用生态学报, 2025, 36(2): 637-646.

LIU Ruowen, ZHAI Junjie, WANG Xing. Research progress on earthworms and soil health.[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2025, 36(2): 637-646.

参考文献

[1] Doran WJ, Zeiss RM. Soil health and sustainability: Managing the biotic component of soil quality. Applied Soil Ecology, 2000, 15: 3-11
[2] 李金业, 程昊, 梁晓敏, 等. 酸化土壤改良与固碳研究进展. 生态学报, 2024, 44(17): 7871-7884
[3] 孙鹂, 张淑文, 俞浙萍, 等. 腐殖酸钾对杨梅土壤改良和生长结实的影响. 浙江农业学报, 2024, 36(8): 1878-1886
[4] 孙娅辉, 郑中兵, 字楠华, 等. 不同土壤改良剂对杧果果实产量和品质的影响. 河南农业科学, 2024, 53(8): 118-125
[5] 黄建凤, 吴腾飞, 叶芳, 等. 有机肥与石灰配施对华南酸性土壤的改良效果. 农业资源与环境学报, 2024, 41(3): 606-613
[6] Lin H, Chapman SJ, Freitag TE, et al. Fate of tetracycline and sulfonamide resistance genes in a grassland soil amended with different organic fertilizers. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2019, 170: 39-46
[7] 李雪, 赵琦. 蚯蚓: 隐秘而伟大的地下精灵. 世界科学, 2024(8): 31-33
[8] 胡锋, 刘满强, 李辉信. 土壤动物对土壤质量的影响及研究展望. 中国土壤学会第十次全国会员代表大会暨第五届海峡两岸土壤肥料学术交流研讨会, 南京, 2004: 168-181
[9] Zhu B, Whalen JK, Wu J, et al. Soil food web structure coordinated by soil omnivores sustains soil multifunctiona-lity in moderate vermicompost amended fields. Soil Bio-logy and Biochemistry, 2024, 192: 109391
[10] Sharma DK, Tomar S, Chakraborty D. Role of earthworm in improving soil structure and functioning. Current Science, 2017, 113: 1064-1071
[11] Wilkinson MT, Richards PJ, Humphreys GS. Breaking ground: Pedological, geological, and ecological implications of soil bioturbation. Earth Science Reviews, 2009, 97: 257-272
[12] Fusaro S, Gavinelli F, Lazzarini F, et al. Soil biological quality index based on earthworms (QBS-e). A new way to use earthworms as bioindicators in agroecosystems. Ecological Indicators, 2018, 93: 1276-1292
[13] Paoletti MG. The role of earthworms for assessment of sustainability and as bioindicators. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 1999, 74: 137-155
[14] 梁文举, 董元华, 李英滨, 等. 土壤健康的生物学表征与调控. 应用生态学报, 2021, 32(2): 719-728
[15] OECD. Test No. 207: Earthworm, Acute Toxicity Tests. OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2[EB/OL]. (1984-04)[2024-06-08]. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264070042-en
[16] 马倩, 刁霏霏, 杜鑫, 等. 蚯蚓密度与土壤化学肥力主要参数之间的定量关系. 中国土壤与肥料, 2023(1): 176-183
[17] Pérès G, Vandenbulcke F, Guernion M, et al. Earth-worm indicators as tools for soil monitoring, characteri-zation and risk assessment. An example from the national Bioindicator programme (France). Pedobiologia, 2011, 54: S77-S87
[18] 王丙磊, 王冲, 刘萌丽. 蚯蚓对土壤-植物系统生态修复作用研究进展. 应用生态学报, 2021, 32(6): 2259-2266
[19] Nielson RL. Presence of plant growth substances in earthworms demonstrated by paper chromatography and went pea test. Nature, 1965, 208: 1113-1114
[20] Rehman SU, De Castro F, Aprile A, et al. Vermicompost: Enhancing plant growth and combating abiotic and biotic stress. Agronomy, 2024, 14: 1256
[21] 刘学才, 陈玲, 李胜奇, 等. 施蚯蚓粪对日光温室土壤及番茄产量与品质的影响. 应用生态学报, 2021, 32(2): 549-556
[22] Huang K, Xia H, Wu Y, et al. Effects of earthworms on the fate of tetracycline and fluoroquinolone resistance genes of sewage sludge during vermicomposting. Bioresource Technology, 2018, 259: 32-39
[23] Chao HZ, Sun MM, Wu YL, et al. Quantitative relationship between earthworms’ sensitivity to organic pollutants and the contaminants’ degradation in soil: A meta-analysis. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2022, 429: 128286
[24] Huang K, Xia H. Role of earthworms’ mucus in vermicomposting system: Biodegradation tests based on humification and microbial activity. Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 610-611: 703-708
[25] 席凯鹏, 杨苏龙, 席吉龙, 等. 长期棉花秸秆配施有机肥对土壤理化性质及棉花产量的影响. 中国土壤与肥料, 2022(7): 82-90
[26] 孙新, 李琪, 姚海凤, 等. 土壤动物与土壤健康. 土壤学报, 2021, 58(5): 1073-1083
[27] Raza ST, Wu JP, Rene ER, et al. Reuse of agricultural wastes, manure, and biochar as an organic amendment: A review on its implications for vermicomposting techno-logy. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2022, 360: 132260
[28] Richardson JB, Görres JH, Jackson BP, et al. Trace metals and metalloids in forest soils and exotic earthworms in northern New England, USA. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2015, 85: 190-198
[29] Richardson JB, Görres JH, Friedland AJ. Exotic earthworms decrease Cd, Hg, and Pb pools in upland forest soils of Vermont and New Hampshire USA. Bulletin of Environtal Contamination and Toxicology, 2017, 99: 428-432
[30] Eijsackers H. Earthworms as colonisers: Primary colonisation of contaminated land, and sediment and soil waste deposits. Science of the Total Environment, 2010, 408: 1759-1769
[31] Zhang C, Dai J, Chen XF, et al. Effects of a native earthworm species (Amynthas morrisi) and Eisenia fetida on metal fractions in a multi-metal polluted soil from South China. Acta Oecologica, 2020, 102: 103503
[32] Xiao R, Ali A, Xu Y, et al. Earthworms as candidates for remediation of potentially toxic elements contaminated soils and mitigating the environmental and human health risks: A review. Environment International, 2022, 158: 106924
[33] Frouz J, Jílková V, Cajthaml T, et al. Soil biota in post-mining sites along a climatic gradient in the USA: Simple communities in shortgrass prairie recover faster than complex communities in tallgrass prairie and forest. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2013, 67: 212-225
[34] Frouz J, Livecková M, Albrechtová J, et al. Is the effect of trees on soil properties mediated by soil fauna? A case study from post-mining sites. Forest Ecology and Mana-gement, 2013, 309: 87-95
[35] Groffman PM, Fahey TJ, Fisk MC, et al. Earthworms increase soil microbial biomass carrying capacity and nitrogen retention in northern hardwood forests. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2015, 87: 51-58
[36] Wen SH, Wang J, Li YP, et al. Earthworms reduce nutrient loss from loess soil slopes under simulated rain. Geoderma, 2023, 438: 116654
[37] Klaminder J, Krab EJ, Larsbo M, et al. Holes in the tundra: Invasive earthworms alter soil structure and moisture in tundra soils. Science of the Total Environment, 2023, 859: 160125
[38] 吴军虎, 邵凡凡, 刘侠. 蚯蚓粪对土壤团聚体组成和入渗过程水分运移的影响. 水土保持学报, 2019, 33(3): 81-87
[39] Van Groenigen JW, Lubbers IM, Vos HMJ, et al. Earthworms increase plant production: A meta-analysis. Scientific Reports, 2014, 4: 6365
[40] Keen SC, Wackett AA, Willenbring JK, et al. Non-native species change the tune of tundra soils: Novel access to soundscapes of the Arctic earthworm invasion. Science of the Total Environment, 2022, 838: 155976
[41] 张卫信, 陈迪马, 赵灿灿. 蚯蚓在生态系统中的作用. 生物多样性, 2007, 15(2): 142-153
[42] 张雪莲, 顾宇晨, 王国兵. 不同生态类群蚯蚓对凋落物源碳在土壤团聚体中的分配的影响. 林业科学研究, 2024, 37(1): 102-109
[43] Raza ST, Feyissa A, Li R, et al. Emerging technology effects on combined agricultural and eco-vermicompost. Journal of Environmental Management, 2024, 352: 120056
[44] Wen B, Liu Y, Hu XY, et al. Effect of earthworms (Eisenia fetida) on the fractionation and bioavailability of rare earth elements in nine Chinese soils. Chemosphere, 2006, 63: 1179-1186
[45] Guhra T, Stolze K, Schweizer S, et al. Earthworm mucus contributes to the formation of organo-mineral associa-tions in soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2020, 145: 107785
[46] Song C, Bottinelli N, Tran TM, et al. Land use determines the composition and stability of organic carbon in earthworm casts under tropical conditions. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2023, 190: 109291
[47] 董林林, 何建桥, 陆长婴, 等. 生物质炭配施蚯蚓粪提升土壤有机碳对水稻生长的影响. 中国土壤与肥料, 2021(2): 87-95
[48] Jing D, Wang M, Zhang H, et al. Effect of vermicompost on soil organic carbon oxidation stability and carbon pool management index in cherry plantation. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 2015, 35: 73-77
[49] Lubbers IM, Pulleman MM, Van Groenigen JW. Can earthworms simultaneously enhance decomposition and stabilization of plant residue carbon? Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2017, 105: 12-24
[50] Bertrand M, Barot S, Blouin M, et al. Earthworm ser-vices for cropping systems: A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 2015, 35: 553-567
[51] Ferlian O, Thakur MP, Castaneda Gonzalez A, et al. Soil chemistry turned upside down: A meta-analysis of invasive earthworm effects on soil chemical properties. Ecology, 2020, 101: 112077
[52] Liu T, Chen XY, Gong X, et al. Earthworms coordinate soil biota to improve multiple ecosystem functions. Current Biology, 2019, 29: 3420-3429
[53] Saha MK, Khan HR, Hossain MS, et al. Response of rice varieties grown on calcareous and acid mixed soils amended by vermicompost under variable climates. International Journal of Research-Granthaalayah, 2021, 9: 8-21
[54] Hu Z, Delgado-Baquerizo M, Fanin N, et al. Nutrient-induced acidification modulates soil biodiversity-function relationships. Nature Communications, 2024, 15: 2858
[55] Qiu Y, Zhang Y, Zhang K, et al. Intermediate soil acidification induces highest nitrous oxide emissions. Nature Communications, 2024, 15: 2695
[56] 王斌, 李根, 陈欢, 等. 蚯蚓作用下土壤化学组成和性状的动态变化. 水土保持学报, 2013, 27(3): 273-277
[57] Chan KY. Using earthworms to incorporate lime into subsoil to ameliorate acidity. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 2003, 34: 985-997
[58] Fonte SJ, Botero C, Quintero DC, et al. Earthworms regulate plant productivity and the efficacy of soil ferti-lity amendments in acid soils of the Colombian Llanos. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2019, 129: 136-143
[59] 王兴明, 徐岚, 范廷玉, 等. 稻壳炭强化城市污泥蚯蚓堆肥过程中重金属变化特征. 农业环境科学学报, 2024, 43(7): 1648-1656
[60] Mitchell A, Alter D. Suppression of labile aluminum in acidic soils by the use of vermicompost extract. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 1993, 24: 1171-1181
[61] 王浩羽, 韦杰, 孙进宇, 等. 蚯蚓对不同pH值土壤中铬赋存及细菌群落的影响特征. 农业环境科学学报, 2022, 41(7): 1472-1482
[62] 周星, 陈骋, 常海娜, 等. 蚓堆肥热干扰后对土壤质量和作物生长的影响. 土壤学报, 2020, 57(1): 142-152
[63] 张池, 周波, 吴家龙, 等. 蚯蚓在我国南方土壤修复中的应用. 生物多样性, 2018, 26(10): 1091-1102
[64] García-Montero LG, Valverde-Asenjo I, Grande-Ortíz MA, et al. Impact of earthworm casts on soil pH and calcium carbonate in black truffle burns. Agroforestry Systems, 2013, 87: 815-826
[65] Wu J, Zhang C, Xiao L, et al. Impacts of earthworm species on soil acidification, Al fractions, and base cation release in a subtropical soil from China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2020, 27: 33446-33457
[66] Gong X, Wang S, Wang Z, et al. Earthworms modify soil bacterial and fungal communities through enhancing aggregation and buffering pH. Geoderma, 2019, 347: 59-69
[67] Zhang S, Zhu Q, de Vries W, et al. Effects of soil amendments on soil acidity and crop yields in acidic soils: A world-wide meta-analysis. Journal of Environmental Management, 2023, 345: 118531
[68] 庞博文, 李永梅, 徐昆龙, 等. 蚯蚓堆肥影响土壤健康和作物生长的研究进展. 江苏农业科学, 2020, 48(12): 29-35
[69] Li W, Zhang P, Qiu H, et al. Commonwealth of soil health: How do earthworms modify the soil microbial responses to CeO₂ nanoparticles? Environmental Science and Technology, 2021, 56: 1138-1148
[70] Jacquiod S, Puga-Freitas R, Spor A, et al. A core microbiota of the plant-earthworm interaction conserved across soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2020, 144: 107754
[71] Sapkota R, Santos S, Farias P, et al. Insights into the earthworm gut multi-kingdom microbial communities. Science of the Total Environment, 2020, 727: 138301
[72] Salmon S, Ponge JF. Earthworm excreta attract soil springtails: Laboratory experiments on Heteromurus nitidus (Collembola: Entomobryidae). Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2001, 33: 1959-1969
[73] Shao YH, Zhang WX, Eisenhauer N, et al. Exotic earthworms maintain soil biodiversity by altering bottom-up effects of plants on the composition of soil microbial groups and nematode communities. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2019, 55: 213-227
[74] López MG, Matesanz MR, Lidón JBJ, et al. The effect of Hormogaster elisae (Hormogastridae) on the abundance of soil Collembola and Acari in laboratory cultures. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2003, 37: 231-236
[75] López MG, Lidón JBJ, Aza DT, et al. Is Hormogaster elisae (Oligochaeta, Hormogastridae) a predator of mites and springtails? European Journal of Soil Biology, 2006, 42: S186-S190
[76] Salmon S. Earthworm excreta (mucus and urine) affect the distribution of springtails in forest soils. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2001, 34: 304-310
[77] Yu F, Li CK, Liu T, et al. Earthworm mucus interfere in the behavior and physiology of bacterial-feeding nematodes. Applied Soil Ecology, 2019, 143: 107-115
[78] Dada EO, Akinola MO, Owa SO, et al. Efficacy of vermiremediation to remove contaminants from soil. Journal of Health and Pollution, 2021, 11: 210302
[79] Gudeta K, Kumar V, Bhagat A, et al. Ecological adaptation of earthworms for coping with plant polyphenols, heavy metals, and microplastics in the soil: A review. Heliyon, 2023, 9: 14572
[80] Pérez-Hernández H, Fernández-Luqueño F, Huerta-Lwanga E, et al. A field experiment regarding the behavior of endogenous earthworms exposed to iron and titanium engineered nanoparticles in a natural forest soil. International Journal of Environmental Research, 2021, 15: 849-858
[81] 冯凤玲, 成杰民, 王德霞. 蚯蚓在植物修复重金属污染土壤中的应用前景. 土壤通报, 2006(4): 809-814
[82] altauskait J, Kniuipyt I, Praspaliauskas M. Earthworm Eisenia fetida potential for sewage sludge amended soil valorization by heavy metal remediation and soil quality improvement. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2022, 424: 127316
[83] 苏倩倩, 李莲芳, 朱昌雄, 等. 蚯蚓/改性生物炭对As污染红壤的稳定化效应. 农业环境科学学报, 2021, 40(5): 999-1007
[84] Swati A, Hait S. Fate and bioavailability of heavy metals during vermicomposting of various organic wastes: A review. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 2017, 109: 30-45
[85] Sizmur T, Hodson ME. Do earthworms impact metal mobility and availability in soil? A review. Environmental Pollution, 2009, 157: 1981-1989
[86] 黄财德, 李扬, 乔玉辉, 等. 蚓粪腐殖酸对Cd²⁺的吸附作用研究. 环境污染与防治, 2020, 42(3): 324-327
[87] Sanchez-Hernandez JC, Ro KS, Díaz FJ. Biochar and earthworms working in tandem: Research opportunities for soil bioremediation. Science of the Total Environment, 2019, 688: 574-583
[88] 李晓晶, 熊明民. 推进农田新污染物防控, 支撑美丽中国建设. 农业环境科学学报, 2024, 43(5): 963-964
[89] 付振强. 九三学社中央: 重视并加强农业土壤环境新污染物治理[EB/OL]. (2023-11-10)[2024-06-08]. https://www.rmzxb.com.cn/c/2023-11-10/3441485.shtml
[90] 潘政, 郝月崎, 赵丽霞, 等. 蚯蚓在有机污染土壤生物修复中的作用机理与应用. 生态学杂志, 2020, 39(9): 3108-3117
[91] 张萌, 罗雅琪, 段天欣, 等. 土壤中纳米颗粒的生物效应研究进展. 环境化学, 2022, 41(11): 3613-3628
[92] Contreras-Ramos SM, Alvarez-Bernal D, Dendooven L. Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from soil amended with biosolid or vermicompost in the presence of earthworms (Eisenia fetida). Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2008, 40: 1954-1959
[93] Sizmur T, Richardson J. Earthworms accelerate the biogeochemical cycling of potentially toxic elements: Results of a meta-analysis. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2020, 148: 107865
[94] 符芙蓉, 孙扬, 赵丽霞, 等. 蚯蚓肠道微生物与污染物的互作效应及机制. 生态学杂志, 2024, 43(4): 1170-1182
[95] Zheng F, Bi QF, Giles M, et al. Fates of antibiotic resistance genes in the gut microbiome from different soil fauna under long-term fertilization. Environmental Science and Technology, 2021, 55: 423-432
[96] Fonte SJ, Hsieh M, Mueller ND. Earthworms contri-bute significantly to global food production. Nature Communications, 2023, 14: 5713
[97] 毕艳孟, 孙振钧. 蚯蚓调控土壤微生态缓解连作障碍的作用机制. 生物多样性, 2018, 26(10): 1103-1115
[98] 胡艳霞, 孙振钧, 程文玲. 蚯蚓养殖及蚓粪对植物土传病害抑制作用的研究进展. 应用生态学报, 2003, 14(2): 296-300
[99] 王星林, 刘颖, 胡雨松, 等. 蚯蚓粪对日光温室袋培甜瓜生长及营养吸收的影响. 核农学报, 2024, 38(2): 345-354
[100] Baker GH, Brown G, Butt K, et al. Introduced earthworms in agricultural and reclaimed land: Their ecology and influences on soil properties, plant production and other soil biota. Biological Invasions, 2006, 8: 1301-1316
[101] Wang G, Wang L, Ma F, et al. Earthworm and arbuscular mycorrhiza interactions: Strategies to motivate antioxidant responses and improve soil functionality. Environmental Pollution, 2020, 272: 115980
[102] 张维理, 徐爱国, 张认连, 等. 土壤分类研究回顾与中国土壤分类系统的修编. 中国农业科学, 2014, 47(16): 3214-3230
[103] Li P, Li YB, Xu LY, et al. Crop yield-soil quality balance in double cropping in China’s upland by organic amendments: A meta-analysis. Geoderma, 2021, 403: 115197
[104] Xiao ZG, Wang X, Koricheva J, et al. Earthworms affect plant growth and resistance against herbivores: A meta-analysis. Functional Ecology, 2018, 32: 150-160