猪粪配施化肥对稻-麦轮作系统籽粒产量和氮素利用率的影响

doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201904.031

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 通过大田试验,以水稻(品种‘F优498’)-小麦(品种‘内麦863’)轮作体系为研究对象,根据成都平原稻麦种植体系常规施氮水平,设7个不同猪粪施用处理:对照(CK,无化学氮肥,无猪粪)、常规化肥(T₁,无猪粪)、化肥减量25%+猪粪2500 kg·hm^-2(T₂)、化肥减量50%+猪粪5000 kg·hm^-2(T₃)、猪粪10000 kg·hm^-2(T₄)、猪粪15000 kg·hm^-2(T₅)和猪粪20000 kg·hm^-2(T₆),研究添加猪粪对稻麦干物质、氮素积累及分配特征、籽粒产量和氮素利用率等的影响.结果表明: 猪粪配施化肥对稻麦各生育期干物质积累均有促进作用,稻麦成熟期作物地上部干物质积累量均以高量猪粪施用处理(T₆)最高,但其干物质积累及氮素分配向茎叶富集,且籽粒干物质积累及氮积累分配率显著低于T₂处理;随着配施猪粪用量的增加,稻麦氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学利用率、籽粒产量均呈现先增加后减少趋势,其中水稻季以T₃处理最优,较常规化肥处理提高11.4%、55.4%、11.4%,小麦季则以T₂处理最优,较常规化肥处理提高14.0%、29.1%、14.0%.本试验条件下,2500～5000 kg·hm^-2猪粪+化肥减量25%～50%处理,有利于促进稻麦干物质积累、氮素向籽粒运移,达到增产及提高氮素利用率的效果,超量施用猪粪(15000～20000 kg·hm^-2)后,土壤氮素供应过量,干物质向经济器官运移受阻,氮素向茎秆富集,贪青晚熟现象严重,稻麦籽粒产量显著下降.

关键词: 稻-麦, 猪粪, 干物质积累, 氮素利用率, 产量

Abstract: To examine the effects of pig manure application on dry matter production, nitrogen accumulation and distribution, grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of rice and wheat, the field trial was conducted with wheat 863 and rice 498. Fertilization treatments consisted of seven rates of organic manure supply: control (CK, no chemical nitrogen fertilizer, no pig manure), conventional fertilizing (T₁, no pig manure), 2500 kg·hm^-2pig manure with 75% conventional fertilizing (T₂), 5000 kg·hm^-2 pig manure with 50% conventional fertilizing (T₃), 10000 kg·hm^-2 pig manure (T₄), 15000 kg·hm^-2 pig manure (T₅) and 20000 kg·hm^-2 pig manure (T₆). Combined application of pig manure with chemical fertilizer promoted dry matter accumulation of rice and wheat throughout the growing season. At the maturity stage of rice and wheat, the highest aboveground dry matter accumulation presented under highest pig manure input (T₆). The dry matter accumulation and nitrogen distribution were enriched in stem or leaf. The dry matter accumulation and nitrogen distribution rate in grain at T₆ was significantly lower than T₂ treatment. The high-est nitrogen fertilizer partial productivity, fertilizer agronomic efficiency and grain yield of rice pre-sented at T₃ treatment, which increased by 11.4%, 55.4%, 11.4% than that of conventional chemical fertilizer treatment, respectively. These vaules for wheat were at T₂, which was 14.0%, 29.1%, 14.0% higher than that of conventional fertilizer treatment, respectively. The combined application of pig manure with appropriate rates of chemical fertilizer (T₂ and T₃) could promote dry matter accumulation, the migration of nitrogen to grains, the increase of yield and the nitrogen use efficiency. Too much pig manure input (15000-20000 kg·hm^-2) could lead to excessive supply of nitrogen for crops. In this case, the transportation of dry matter to economic organs would be blocked and the nitrogen enriched to stem. The late-maturing phenomenon occurred, resulting in significant decrease of grain yield.

Key words: dry matter accumulation, rice-wheat, yield, nitrogen use efficiency, pig manure

梁靖越, 王昌全, 李冰, 龙思帆, 陈兰. 猪粪配施化肥对稻-麦轮作系统籽粒产量和氮素利用率的影响[J]. 应用生态学报, 2019, 30(4): 1088-1096.

LIANG Jing-yue, WANG Chang-quan, LI Bing, LONG Si-fan, CHEN Lan. Effects of combined application of pig manure with urea on grain yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency in rice-wheat rotation system[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2019, 30(4): 1088-1096.

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