保护性耕作措施对旱地春玉米土壤水分和硝态氮淋溶累积的影响

doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201904.009

应用生态学报 ›› 2019, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (4): 1188-1198.doi: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.201904.009

保护性耕作措施对旱地春玉米土壤水分和硝态氮淋溶累积的影响

胡锦昇^1,2, 樊军^1*, 付威³, 王欢³, 郝明德¹

¹中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所, 黄土高原土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室, 陕西杨凌 712100;
²中国科学院大学, 北京 100049;
³西北农林科技大学资源环境学院, 陕西杨凌 712100

收稿日期:2018-10-16 出版日期:2019-04-20 发布日期:2019-04-20
通讯作者: * E-mail: fanjun@ms.iswc.ac.cn
作者简介:胡锦昇,男,1994年生,硕士研究生. 主要从事环境土壤物理研究. E-mail: hujinsheng16@mails.ucas.ac.cn
基金资助:
本文由中国科学院西部青年学者A类项目(XAB2015A03)和国家自然科学基金项目(41571224)资助

Effects of conservation tillage measures on soil water and NO₃^--N leaching in dryland maize cropland

HU Jin-sheng^1,2, FAN Jun^1*, FU Wei³, WANG Huan³, HAO Ming-de¹

¹State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Department of Water Resources, Yang-ling 712100, Shaanxi, China;
²University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
³College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China

Received:2018-10-16 Online:2019-04-20 Published:2019-04-20
Contact: * E-mail: fanjun@ms.iswc.ac.cn
Supported by:
This work was supported by the Western Young Scholars Project (Class A) of Chinese Academy of Sciences (XAB2015A03) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41571224).

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 通过渭北旱塬春玉米15年定位试验,研究6种保护性耕作方式,即传统翻耕(CT)、免耕(NT)、免耕配施生物炭(NB)、免耕秸秆覆盖(NS)、免耕地膜覆盖(NF)和免耕秸秆地膜覆盖(NSF)对土壤水分与硝态氮淋溶的影响,探索适宜于该区可持续发展的农田管理措施.结果表明: 与NT相比,第一次水分补给时期0～100 cm土层,CT处理水分补给量无显著差异,NS、NB、NSF和NF处理显著降低;在100～300 cm土层,NS、NB、NF和NSF处理显著增加了水分补给量,CT显著低于NT处理.第二次水分补给时期,水分补给主要集中在0～100 cm土层,且各处理与NT水分补给量无显著差异.水分消耗时期,各处理与NT处理在0～100 cm土层消耗量无显著差异,NF和NSF在100～300 cm土层水分消耗量显著增加,分别增加了33.9%和59.9%.在0～200 cm土层,与NT相比,CT处理显著增加了硝态氮累积量,是NT的2.2倍,NS、NB、NF和NSF处理显著减少了硝态氮累积量,分别减少了44.6%、61.5%、69.2%和69.8%;而在200～300 cm土层,NS处理显著增加了硝态氮累积量,CT与NT处理无显著差异,NB、NF和NSF处理显著减少.土壤水分运动能显著影响硝态氮在土壤剖面的分布,NB、NF和NSF处理硝态氮主要分布在0～40 cm土层,NS主要分布在0～100 cm和200～300 cm土层,而NT和CT处理硝态氮在整个剖面大量分布,其中NS、NT和CT处理出现两个硝态氮累积峰.不同农田管理措施通过对水分的调控减少硝态氮淋溶,进而提高氮素利用效率,其中免耕基础上秸秆地膜覆盖能有效调控土壤水分运动和减少硝态氮淋溶累积,是旱塬区改善农田水肥状况,增加作物产量的可行措施.

关键词: 生物炭, 水分运动, 硝态氮, 免耕, 地膜覆盖, 秸秆覆盖

Abstract: Based on a field experiment on conservation tillage over 15 years in Weibei Highland maize cropland, six conservation tillage patterns, i.e., conventional tillage (CT), no-tillage (NT), no-tillage plus biochar (NB), no-tillage and straw mulching (NS), no-tillage and plastic film mulching (NF), and no-tillage and straw-plastic film mulching (NSF), were investigated for their effects on soil water and nitrate nitrogen(NO₃^--N) leaching, to seek sustainable agricultural cultivation measures suitable for the region. Results showed that, compared with NT treatment in the first water recharge period, CT had no effect on water recharge in 0-100 cm soil layer, and NS, NB, NSF and NF significantly reduced soil water recharge. In 100-300 cm soil layer, NS, NB, NF and NSF significantly increased soil water recharge, but CT significantly reduced soil water recharge. During the second water recharge period, water recharge depth was mainly concentrated in 0-100 cm soil layer, and there was no significant difference between each treatment and NT. During the water depletion period, compared with NT treatment, other treatments had no significant effect on water depletion in 0-100 cm soil layer, but NF and NSF increased soil water depletion by 33.9% and 59.9% in 100-300 cm soil layer, respectively. In 0-200 cm soil layer, compared to NT, CT significantly increased the accumulation of NO₃^--N by 2.2 fold, NS, NB, NF and NSF reduced soil NO₃^--N accumulation by 44.6%, 61.5%, 69.2% and 69.8%, respectively. In 200-300 cm soil layer, NS significantly reduced the accumulation amount of NO₃^--N, but CT had no significant effect on the accumulation amount of NO₃^--N, and NS, NB, and NSF all had negative effects on NO₃^--N accumulation. Soil water movement had significant effect on the distribution of NO₃^--N in soil profile. Soil NO₃^--N was mainly distributed in 0-40 cm soil layer for NB, NF and NSF treatments, in 0-100 cm and 200-300 cm soil layers for NS treatment, and over the entire profile for NT and CT, and NS, NT and CT treatments had two NO₃^--N accumulation peaks in soil profile. Different agricultural cultivation measures could reduce soil NO₃^--N leaching by regulating soil water content, and subsequently improve nitrogen utilization efficiency. Among those measures, NSF could effectively control soil water movement to reduce the NO₃^--N leaching and accumulation, and thus is a feasible measure to improve soil water and fertility conditions and increase dryland maize yields.

Key words: NO₃^--N, soil water movement, straw mulching, no-tillage, biochar, plastic film mulching

胡锦昇, 樊军, 付威, 王欢, 郝明德. 保护性耕作措施对旱地春玉米土壤水分和硝态氮淋溶累积的影响[J]. 应用生态学报, 2019, 30(4): 1188-1198.

HU Jin-sheng, FAN Jun, FU Wei, WANG Huan, HAO Ming-de. Effects of conservation tillage measures on soil water and NO₃^--N leaching in dryland maize cropland[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2019, 30(4): 1188-1198.

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保护性耕作措施对旱地春玉米土壤水分和硝态氮淋溶累积的影响

Effects of conservation tillage measures on soil water and NO₃^--N leaching in dryland maize cropland

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保护性耕作措施对旱地春玉米土壤水分和硝态氮淋溶累积的影响

Effects of conservation tillage measures on soil water and NO3--N leaching in dryland maize cropland

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Effects of conservation tillage measures on soil water and NO₃^--N leaching in dryland maize cropland