[1] Barras N,Kellman M.1998.The supply of regeneration microsites and segregation of tree species in a hardwood/boreal forest transition zone.J Biogeogr,25(5):871~881 [2] Beaudet M,Messier C.1998.Growth and morphological responses of yellow birch,sugar maple,and beech seedlings growing under a natural light gradient.Can J For Res,28(7):1007~1015 [3] Brokaw NVL.1985.Gap-phase regeneration in a tropical forest.Ecology,66(3):682~687 [4] Cintra R.1997.Leaf litter effects on seed and seedling predation of the palm Astrocaryum murumuru and the legume tree Dipteryx micrantha in Amazonian forest.J Trop Ecol,13(5):709~725 [5] Cornett MW,Reich PB,Puettmann KJ.1997.Canopy feedbacks and microtopography regulate conifer seedling distribution in two Minnesota conifer-deciduous forests.Eco-science,4(3):353~364 [6] Davies JS,Palmiotto PA,Ashton PS,et al.1998.Comparative ecology of 11 sympatric species of Macaranga in Borneo:Tree distribution in relation to horizontal and vertical resource heterogeneity.J Ecol,86:662~673 [7] Ehrenfeld JG,Han X,Parsons WFJ,et al.1997.On the nature of environmental gradients:Temporal and spatial variability of soils and vegetation in the New Jersey pine lands.J Ecol,85:785~798 [8] Enright NJ.1999.Litterfall dynamics in a mixed conifer-angiosperm forest in northern New Zealand.J Biogeogr,26(1):149~157 [9] Fahey TJ,Battles JJ,Wilson GF.1998.Responses of early successional northern hardwood forests to changes in nutrient availability.Ecol Monog,68(2):183~212 [10] Farley RA,Fitter AH.1999.Temporal and spatial variation in soil resources in a deciduous woodland.J Ecol,87:688~696 [11] Finzi AC,Canham CD,Van Breeman N.1998.Canopy tree-soil interactions within temperate forests:Species effects on soil carbon and nitrogen.Ecol Appl,8:440~446 [12] Garcia-Montiel DC,Scatena FN.1994.The effect of human activity on the structure and composition of a tropical forest in Puerto Rico.For Ecol Man,63(1):57~78 [13] Gray AN,Spies TS.1997.Microsite controls on tree seedling establishment in conifer forest canopy gaps.Ecology,78(8):2458~2473 [14] Han Y-Z(韩有志),Wang Z-Q(王政权).2000.Effect of spatial heterogeneity on natural regeneration of Manchurian ash.J For Res,11(2):89~94 [15] Houle G.1994.Spatiotemporal patterns in the components of regeneration of four sympatric tree speciesAcer rubrum,A.saccharum,Betula alleghaniensis and Fagus grandifolia.J Ecol,82(1):39~53 [16] Hulme PE.1996.Natural regeneration of yew (Taxus baccata L.):Microsite,seed or herbivore limitation? J Ecol,84(6):853~861 [17] Jeltsch F,Milton SJ,Dean WRJ,et al.1998.Modeling the impact of small-scale heterogeneities on tree-grass coexistence in semi-arid savannas.J Ecol,86:780~793 [18] Jeltsch F,Milton SJ,Dean WRJ,et al.1996.Tree spacing and coexistence in semiarid savannas.J Ecol,84(4):583~595 [19] Jones RH,Allen BP,Sharitz RR.1997.Why do early-emerging tree seedlings have survival advantages? A test using Acer rubrum (Aceraceae).Am J Bot,84(12):1714~1718 [20] Jones HR,Sharitz RR,Dixon PM,et al.1994.Woods plant regeneration in four floodplain forests.Ecol Monogr,64(3):345~367 [21] Jonsson B.1999.Stand establishment and early growth of planted Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies related to microsite conditions.Scand J For Res,14(5):425~440 [22] Knutson RM.1997.An 18-year study of litter fall and litter decomposition in a northeast Lowa deciduous forest.Am Midland Nat,138(1):77~83 [23] Kuuluvainen T,Hokkanen TJ,Jarvinen E,et al.1993.Factors related to seedling growth in a boreal scots pine stand:A spatial analysis of a vegetation-soil system.Can J For Res,23(10):2101~2109 [24] Kuuluvainen T,Jaervinen E,Hokkanen TJ,et al.1998.Structure heterogeneity and autocorrelation in a natural mature Pinus sylvestris dominanted forest.Ecography,21(2):159~174 [25] Kuuluvainen T,Juntunen P.1998.Seedling establishment in relation to microhabitat variation in a windthrow gap in a boreal Pinus sylvestris forest.J Vege Sci,9(4):551~562 [26] Li H-B(李哈滨),Wang Z-Q(王政权),Wang Q-C(王庆成).1998.Theory and methodology of spatial heterogeneity quantification.Chin J Appl Ecol(应用生态学报),9(6):651~657(in Chinese) [27] Li H,Reynolds JF.1995.On definition and quantification of heterogeneity.Oikos,73(2):280~284 [28] Marks PL.1974.The role of pin cherry (Prunus pensylvanica L.) in the maintenance of stability in northern hardwood ecosystems.Ecol Monogr,44:73~78 [29] Molofsky J,Augspurger CK.1992.The effect of leaf litter on early seedling establishment in a tropical forest.Ecology,73:68~77 [30] Nicotra AB,Chazdon RL,Iriarte SVB.1999.Spatial heterogeneity of light and woody seedling regeneration in tropical wet forests.Ecology,80(6):1908~1926 [31] Nunez-Farfan J,Dirzo R.1988.Within-gap spatial heterogeneity and seedling performance in a Mexican tropical forest.Oikos,51:274~284 [32] Oliver CD,Larson BC.1990.Forest Stands Dynamics.New York:McGraw-Hill,Inc. [33] Pedersen BS.1998.Modeling tree mortality in response to short and long-term environment stresses.Ecol Mod,105(2/3):347~351 [34] Pickett STA,Cadanasso ML.1995.Landscape ecology,spatial heterogeneity in ecological system.Science,269(21):331~334 [35] Roy S.1996.Spatial variation of soil physico-chemical properties influenced by spatial and temporal variation of litter in a dry tropical forest floor.Oecol Mont,5(1):21~26 [36] Saetre P.1999.Spatial pattrens of ground vegetation soil microbial biomass and activity in a mixed spruce-birch stand.Ecography,22(2):183~192 [37] Schweiger J,Sterba H.1997.A model describing natural regeneration recruitment of Norway spruce (Picea abies(L.) Karst.) in Austria.For Ecol Man,97(2):107~118 [38] Streng DR,Glitzenstein JS,Harcombe PA.1989.Woody seedling dynamics in an East Texas floodplain forest.Ecol Monogr,59:177~204 [39] Tang YH,Kachi N,Furukawa A,et al.1999.Heterogeneity of light availability and its effects on simulated carbon gain of tree levees in a small gap and the understory in a tropical rain forest.Biotropica,31(2):268~278 [40] Tegelmark DO.1998.Prediction of regeneration success and wood properties in naturally regenerated stands of scots pine.Silvestria,71:96 [41] Vivian-Smith G.1997.Microtopographic heterogeneity and floristic diversity in experimental wetland communities.J Ecol,85(1):71~81 [42] Wu Y-G(伍业钢),Li H-B(李哈滨).1992.Theoretical developments of landscape ecology.In:Li J-G(刘建国)ed.Advances in Modern Ecology.Beijing:China Science & Technology Press.30~39(in Chinese) [43] Wang Z-Q(王政权).1999.Geostastics and Application in Ecology,Beijing:Science Press.(in Chinese) [44] Yastrebov AB.1996.Different types of heterogeneity and plant competition in monospecific stand.Oikos,75(1):89~97 [45] Zang R-G(臧润国),et al.1998.Advance in forest gap disturbance research.Sci Silvae Sin(林业科学),34(1):90~98(in Chinese) |