耕作和培肥对豫中区小麦-玉米轮作系统土壤氮平衡和温室气体排放的影响

doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202105.027

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 豫中区作为黄淮海平原粮食的主产地,节能、减排和增效是该区农业发展的重要方向。本研究基于2010年耕作与培肥定位试验,在2018—2019年探究了3种耕作方式(深耕、浅耕和免耕)和2种培肥模式(氮肥和氮肥+有机肥)对土壤氮平衡和温室气体排放的影响。结果表明: 增施有机肥能增加土壤全氮积累量;在小麦和玉米成熟期,0～60 cm土层土壤全氮积累量在浅耕+有机肥处理下最高,分别为8058.53和8299 kg N·hm^-2,较其他处理高3.2%～27.4%和4.3%～7.2%。分析土壤氮素投入与输出可知,增施有机肥处理氮素均表现为盈余,浅耕+有机肥处理盈余量最高,为13.57 kg N·hm^-2,比深耕+有机肥和免耕+有机肥分别高9.52和0.18 kg N·hm^-2;氮损失以硝态氮淋溶为主,占总损失的73.4%～76.9%,其中深耕+有机肥处理硝态氮淋溶量最高,为48.37 kg N·hm^-2,较其他处理高18.9%～35.1%。2018—2019周年全球增温潜势在深耕+有机肥处理下最高,为33070 kg N·hm^-2,较其他处理高6.6%～26.8%;增施有机肥增加了N₂O和CO₂的排放,降低了CH₄的吸收。作物周年产量在深耕+有机肥处理下最高,较其他处理高5.0%～17.1%;但作物收获指数在浅耕+有机肥处理下最高。综上,在保证作物产量、维持氮素平衡和降低温室气体排放方面,推荐的种植模式为浅耕+增施有机肥。

关键词: 有机肥, 耕作, 麦-玉轮作, 土壤氮素, 温室气体

Abstract: Energy saving, emission reduction, and efficiency improvement are important directions for agricultural development in Central Henan Province, the main grain production area in the Huang-huai-hai Plain. Based on the tillage and fertilization positioning experiment in 2010, we investigated the effects of three tillage methods (deep tillage, shallow tillage, and no-tillage) and two fertilization methods (nitrogen fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer+organic fertilizer) on soil nitrogen balance and greenhouse gas emissions from 2018 to 2019. The results showed that soil nitrogen accumulation increased with organic fertilizer addition. During wheat and maize maturation, soil total nitrogen accumulation in the 0-60 cm layer was the highest under the treatment of shallow tillage+organic fertilizer, being 8058.53 and 8299 kg N·hm^-2, respectively, being 3.2%-27.4% and 4.3%-7.2% higher than other treatments. The treatment with organic fertilizer addition resulted in nitrogen surplus. The shallow tillage+organic fertilizer treatment led to the highest nitrogen surplus (13.57 kg N·hm^-2), which was 9.52 and 0.18 kg N·hm^-2 higher than deep tillage+organic fertilizer and no tillage+organic fertilizer treatments. Nitrate leaching was the main way of nitrogen losses, accounting for 73.4%-76.9% of the total losses. The amount of nitrate leaching was the highest in deep tillage+organic fertilizer treatment (48.37 kg N·hm^-2), being 18.9%-35.1% higher than other treatments. Results of greenhouse gases emission during 2018-2019 showed that global warming potential was the highest under the treatment of deep tillage+organic fertilizer, which was 33070 kg N·hm^-2, being 6.6%-26.8% higher than other treatments. The treatment of organic fertilizer addition increased the emission of N₂O and CO₂ and reduced the absorption of CH₄. The annual grain yield was highest under the treatment of deep tillage+organic fertilizer, which was 5.0%-17.1% higher than other treatments. The crop harvest index was the highest under the treatment of shallow tillage+organic fertilizer. The recommended cropping mode in Central Henan Pro-vince is shallow tillage+organic fertilizer, which could ensure crop yields, maintain soil nitrogen balance, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Key words: organic fertilizer, tillage, wheat-maize rotation, soil nitrogen, greenhouse gas

张黛静, 胡晓, 马建辉, 郭雨欣, 宗洁静, 杨雪倩. 耕作和培肥对豫中区小麦-玉米轮作系统土壤氮平衡和温室气体排放的影响[J]. 应用生态学报, 2021, 32(5): 1753-1760.

ZHANG Dai-jing, HU Xiao, MA Jian-hui, GUO Yu-xin, ZONG Jie-jing, YANG Xue-qian. Effects of tillage and fertility on soil nitrogen balance and greenhouse gas emissions of wheat-maize rotation system in Central Henan Province, China.[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2021, 32(5): 1753-1760.

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