南方山区典型小流域桉树人工林种植对水土流失的影响

doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202304.021

应用生态学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (4): 1015-1023.doi: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202304.021

南方山区典型小流域桉树人工林种植对水土流失的影响

舒成博¹, 沈影利², 刘刚^1,2*, 张琼^1,2, 徐敬华³, 郭珍⁴

¹西北农林科技大学水土保持研究所/黄土高原土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室, 陕西杨凌 712100;
²中国科学院教育部水土保持与生态环境研究中心, 陕西杨凌 712100;
³广东省水利水电科学研究院/广东省水动力学应用研究重点实验室, 广州 510635;
⁴四川华标测检测技术有限公司, 成都 610097

收稿日期:2022-07-31 接受日期:2023-01-30 出版日期:2023-04-15 发布日期:2023-10-15
通讯作者: *E-mail: gliu@foxmail.com
作者简介:舒成博, 男, 1997年生, 硕士研究生。主要从事土壤侵蚀示踪研究。E-mail: 1910406162@qq.com
基金资助:
广东省水利科技创新项目(2020-21)

Impacts of Eucalyptus plantation on soil and water losses in a typical small watershed in mountainous area of southern China

SHU Chengbo¹, SHEN Yingli², LIU Gang^1,2^*, ZHANG Qiong^1,2, XU Jinghua³, GUO Zhen⁴

¹State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Agriculture, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China;
²Research Center of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Education, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China;
³Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Hydrodynamics Research, Guangdong Research Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower, Guangzhou 510635, China;
⁴Sichuan Huabiaoce Testing Technology Co. Ltd., Chengdu 610097, China

Received:2022-07-31 Accepted:2023-01-30 Online:2023-04-15 Published:2023-10-15

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 南方山区人工林的不合理开发导致严重的水土流失。典型人工林小流域土壤侵蚀时空变化研究对于人工林种植和山区生态环境可持续发展具有重要意义。本研究利用地理信息系统结合修正通用土壤流失方程,分析了粤西山区大顶山小流域土壤侵蚀的时空变化及关键驱动机制。结果表明: 大顶山小流域侵蚀模数为1948.1 t·km^-2·a^-1,属于轻度侵蚀,但空间变异十分剧烈,变异系数为5.12,最大值可达191127 t·km^-2·a^-1。微度侵蚀(<500 t·km^-2·a^-1)面积占流域总面积的80.6%,中度及以上侵蚀(>2500 t·km^-2·a^-1)主要分布在植被覆盖度小于30%的桉树人工林幼林区,贡献了流域总侵蚀量的75.7%。2014—2019年间,大顶山小流域平均侵蚀年际变化不大,但土壤侵蚀空间分布变化较大,植被覆盖度、坡度和降雨是关键影响因素。桉树人工林种植导致自然植被破坏是引发造林区土壤侵蚀的首要原因。幼林区土壤侵蚀随坡度增加而显著增加,且极端降雨会使其加剧。随着桉树人工林林龄增长,土壤侵蚀又逐渐减少。该区土壤侵蚀关键部位为坡度大于25°的桉树人工林幼林区,土壤侵蚀治理关键期为造林后2～3年之内。本研究建议大于25°的陡坡区域应采用合理造林整地措施,同时避免破坏坡度大于35°区域的自然植被,并提高道路建设标准和加强林区管理,以应对极端降雨的挑战。

关键词: 桉树人工林, 土壤侵蚀, 修正通用土壤流失方程, 地理信息系统, 极端降雨

Abstract: Unreasonable exploitation of artificial forest causes severe soil erosion in the mountainous areas of sou-thern China. The spatial-temporal variations of soil erosion in typical small watershed with artificial forest has signifi-cant implications for artificial forest exploitation and sustainable development of mountainous ecological environment. In this study, we used revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) and geographic information system (GIS) to evaluate the spatial and temporal variations of soil erosion and its key drivers of Dadingshan watershed in mountainous area of western Guangdong. The results showed that the erosion modulus was 1948.1 t·km^-2·a^-1 (belonging to light erosion) in the Dadingshan watershed. However, the spatial variation of soil erosion was substantial, with variation coefficient of 5.12. The maximal soil erosion modulus was 191127 t·km^-2·a^-1. Slight erosion (<500 t·km^-2·a^-1) accounted for 80.6% of the total watershed area. The moderate erosion and above (>2500 t·km^-2·a^-1) were mainly distributed in young Eucalyptus forest area with less than 30% of the vegetation coverage, which contributed nearly 75.7% of total soil erosion. During 2014-2019, the interannual variations of mean erosion of Dadingshan catchment was modest, but the spatial variation of soil erosion was large. Vegetation cover, slope, and rainfall were key drivers of such variation. The destruction of natural vegetation resulted by plantation exploitation was the primary cause of soil erosion in afforestation areas. Soil erosion significantly increased with the increases of slope gradient in the young forest area, which was aggravated by extreme rainfall. However, soil erosion gradually decreased with the increases of the age of Eucalypt plantation. Therefore, the hot spot of soil erosion was young forest areas of Eucalypt plantation with slope >25°, and the key period for soil erosion control was the first 2-3 years after Eucalyptus planting. We suggested that reasonable afforestation measures should be used in area with >25° slopes, and that the destruction of natural vegetation should be avoided on hillslope with >35° slope gradient. The road construction standards and forest management should be further improved to address the challenge of extreme rainfalls.

Key words: Eucalyptus plantation, soil erosion, revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE), geographic information system (GIS), extreme rainfall

舒成博, 沈影利, 刘刚, 张琼, 徐敬华, 郭珍. 南方山区典型小流域桉树人工林种植对水土流失的影响[J]. 应用生态学报, 2023, 34(4): 1015-1023.

SHU Chengbo, SHEN Yingli, LIU Gang, ZHANG Qiong, XU Jinghua, GUO Zhen. Impacts of Eucalyptus plantation on soil and water losses in a typical small watershed in mountainous area of southern China[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2023, 34(4): 1015-1023.

参考文献 35

[1]	陈金海, 胡健全. 我国经济林资源的现状及其发展对策. 华东森林经理, 2010, 24(2): 1-5
[2]	Li L, Wang Y, Liu C. Effects of land use changes on soil erosion in a fast developing area. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2013, 11: 1549-1562
[3]	Huang ZG, Ouyang ZY, Li FR, et al. Response of runoff and soil loss to reforestation and rainfall type in red soil region of southern China. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2010, 22: 1765-1773
[4]	姜喜山, 兰再平, 张博, 等. 新建经济林与垦复竹林土壤侵蚀定位研究. 北京林业大学学报, 2010, 32(4): 169-174
[5]	王超, 杨智杰, 黄蓉, 等. 中亚热带人工经济林土壤有机碳含量及分布. 亚热带资源与环境学报, 2011, 6(2): 36-41
[6]	于福科, 黄新会, 王克勤, 等. 桉树人工林生态退化与恢复研究进展. 中国生态农业学报, 2009, 17(2): 393-398
[7]	马祥庆, 俞新妥, 何智英, 等. 不同林地清理方式对杉木幼林生态系统水土流失的影响. 自然资源学报, 1996, 11(1): 33-40
[8]	Kazem N, Arman H, Collins AL, et al. Tracing sediment sources in a mountainous forest catchment under road construction in northern Iran: Comparison of Baye-sian and frequentist approaches. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2021, 25: 30979-30997
[9]	温远光, 刘世荣, 陈放. 连栽对桉树人工林下物种多样性的影响. 应用生态学报, 2005, 16(9): 1667-1671
[10]	黄国勤, 赵其国. 广西桉树种植的历史、现状、生态问题及应对策略. 生态学报, 2014, 34(18): 5142-5152
[11]	Borrelli P, Robinson DA, Fleischer LR, et al. An assessment of the global impact of 21st century land use change on soil erosion. Nature Communications, 2017, 8: 2013
[12]	Peng Q, Wang R, Jiang Y, et al. Soil erosion in Qilian Mountain National Park: Dynamics and driving mechanisms. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 2022, 42: 101144
[13]	李翠漫, 卢远, 刘斌涛, 等. 广西西江流域土壤侵蚀估算及特征分析. 水土保持研究, 2018, 25(2): 34-39
[14]	文雅, 刘晓南, 程炯. 基于USLE的广东省山区土壤侵蚀量估算及特征分析. 水土保持通报, 2013, 33(4): 112-118
[15]	郑悦华, 张晓远, 刘协亭. 基于GIS的粤北青莲水流域水土流失成因分析. 广东水利水电, 2016(5): 24-28
[16]	朱立安, 李定强, 魏秀国, 等. 广东省土壤可蚀性现状及影响因素分析. 亚热带水土保持, 2007, 19(4): 4-7
[17]	李钦禄, 王建, 王法明, 等. 粤西主要经济林土壤侵蚀特征与控制措施的研究. 广东水利水电, 2016(9): 47-51
[18]	Zheng FL. Effect of vegetation changes on soil erosion on the Loess Plateau. Pedosphere, 2006, 16: 420-427
[19]	俱战省, 文安邦, 严冬春, 等. 基于GIS和RUSLE的三峡库区小流域土壤侵蚀量估算研究. 地球与环境, 2015, 43(3): 331-337
[20]	章文波, 谢云, 刘宝元. 利用日雨量计算降雨侵蚀力的方法研究. 地理科学, 2002, 22(6): 705-711
[21]	赖成光, 陈晓宏, 王兆礼, 等. 珠江流域1960―2012年降雨侵蚀力时空变化特征. 农业工程学报, 2015, 31(8): 159-167
[22]	刘平, 吴志峰, 匡耀球, 等. 基于日降雨数据的广东省降雨侵蚀力初步分析. 热带气象学报, 2005, 21(5): 555-560
[23]	章文波, 谢云, 刘宝元. 中国降雨侵蚀力空间变化特征. 山地学报, 2003, 21(1): 33-40
[24]	United States Department of Agriculture. EPIC-Erosion/Productivity Impact Calculator 1. Model Documentation. Technical Bulletin. Washington DC: USDA-ARS, 1990
[25]	张科利, 彭文英, 杨红丽. 中国土壤可蚀性值及其估算. 土壤学报, 2007, 44(1): 7-13
[26]	符素华, 刘宝元, 周贵云, 等. 坡长坡度因子计算工具. 中国水土保持科学, 2015, 13(5): 105-110
[27]	McCool DK, Brown LC, Foster GR, et al. Revised slope steepness factor for the Universal Soil Loss Equation. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 1987, 30: 1387-1396
[28]	Liu BY, Nearing MA, Risse LM. Slope length effects on soil loss for steep slopes. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2000, 64: 1759-1763
[29]	Foster GR, Wischmeier WH. Evaluating irregular slopes for soil loss prediction. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 1974, 17: 305-309
[30]	蔡崇法, 丁树文, 史志华, 等. 应用USLE模型与地理信息系统IDRISI预测小流域土壤侵蚀量的研究. 水土保持学报, 2000, 14(2): 19-24
[31]	李苗苗, 吴炳方, 颜长珍, 等. 密云水库上游植被覆盖度的遥感估算. 资源科学, 2004, 26(4): 153-159
[32]	石生新, 蒋定生. 几种水土保持措施对强化降水入渗和减沙的影响试验研究. 水土保持研究, 1994, 1(1): 82-88
[33]	中华人民共和国水利部. 土壤侵蚀分类分级标准(SL 190—2007). 北京: 中国水利水电出版社, 2008
[34]	Garcia-Ruiz JM, Begueria S, Nadal-Romero E, et al. A meta-analysis of soil erosion rates across the world. Geomorphology, 2015, 239: 160-173
[35]	Rachels AA, Bladon KD, Bywater-Reyes S, et al. Quantifying effects of forest harvesting on sources of suspended sediment to an Oregon Coast Range headwater stream. Forest Ecology and Management, 2020, 466: 118-123

南方山区典型小流域桉树人工林种植对水土流失的影响

Impacts of Eucalyptus plantation on soil and water losses in a typical small watershed in mountainous area of southern China

PDF (PC)

可视化

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

参考文献 35

相关文章 15

编辑推荐

Metrics

本文评价

[1]	曹尤淞, 张晨晖, 肖波, 孙福海. 黑土区农田藻藓两类结皮发育对土壤团聚体稳定性和击溅侵蚀的影响 [J]. 应用生态学报, 2023, 34(4): 892-902.
[2]	王佳楠, 贾燕锋, 范昊明. 辽西低山棕壤丘陵区小流域泥沙连通性与土壤侵蚀的空间分布特征 [J]. 应用生态学报, 2023, 34(3): 726-732.
[3]	张晨晖, 肖波, 李胜龙, 王彦峰, 曹尤淞. 东北黑土区农田生物结皮的特征及其对表层土壤崩解的影响 [J]. 应用生态学报, 2022, 33(7): 1773-1782.
[4]	郝永佩, 宋晓伟, 徐仪红. Pu同位素示踪技术在土壤侵蚀研究中的应用 [J]. 应用生态学报, 2022, 33(6): 1482-1488.
[5]	莫帅豪, 郑粉莉, 冯志珍, 易祎. 典型黑土区侵蚀-沉积对土壤微生物数量空间分布的影响 [J]. 应用生态学报, 2022, 33(3): 685-693.
[6]	李海萍, 王娜萍, 代宇庭. 云贵高原湿地景区人类活动强度的空间分布——以云南省拉市海流域为例 [J]. 应用生态学报, 2021, 32(8): 2915-2922.
[7]	陈峰, 李红波. 基于GIS和RUSLE的滇南山区土壤侵蚀时空演变——以云南省元阳县为例 [J]. 应用生态学报, 2021, 32(2): 629-637.
[8]	罗佳茹, 李斌斌, 张风宝, 丛佩娟, 王海燕, 杨明义. 黄丘区特色治理开发小流域土壤侵蚀变化对景观格局演变的响应 [J]. 应用生态学报, 2021, 32(12): 4165-4176.
[9]	孙甜甜, 蔡茜茜, 孙洋, 程勇翔, 黄敬峰. 基于GIS的梭梭年轮测量方法 [J]. 应用生态学报, 2021, 32(10): 3680-3686.
[10]	郭威震, 胡斐南, 谭滔滔, 马任甜, 刘婧芳, 李喆, 赵世伟. 土壤表面电场对黑土团聚体破碎和侵蚀的影响 [J]. 应用生态学报, 2020, 31(8): 2644-2652.
[11]	王晓彤, 张加琼, 杨明义, 王永吉. 榆神府矿区典型小流域侵蚀产沙对退耕还林(草)及煤矿开采的响应 [J]. 应用生态学报, 2020, 31(6): 1971-1979.
[12]	赵旭, 樊军, 付威. 土壤侵蚀与土地利用方式对黑土地土壤水气传输特性的影响 [J]. 应用生态学报, 2020, 31(5): 1599-1606.
[13]	王昌辉, 刘青青, 文竹梅, 王子睿, 陈艳芳, 刘博, 王正宁. 红壤侵蚀区植被恢复过程中土壤种子库变化特征 [J]. 应用生态学报, 2020, 31(2): 417-423.
[14]	王庆莉, 韩玉江, 张利平, 冯超, 王明田. 基于GIS的石渠虫草气候生态适宜性区划 [J]. 应用生态学报, 2019, 30(7): 2137-2144.
[15]	谢申琦,高丽倩,赵允格,郭玥微. 模拟降雨条件下生物结皮坡面产流产沙对雨强的响应 [J]. 应用生态学报, 2019, 30(2): 391-397.