土壤水分对土壤产生气态氮的厌氧微生物过程的影响

doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202106.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 气态氮[一氧化氮(NO)、氧化亚氮(N₂O)和氮气(N₂)]的释放是土壤氮损失的一种重要途径。硝化和反硝化作用是土壤气态氮损失的主要微生物过程,但是异养硝化作用、共反硝化作用和厌氧氨氧化过程对土壤气态氮损失的贡献尚不清楚。本研究利用¹⁵N标记和配对法,结合硝化抑制剂双氰胺(DCD),通过土壤培养试验来量化厌氧条件下各种微生物过程对NO、N₂O和N₂产生的贡献。结果表明: 在厌氧条件下培养24 h后,土壤孔隙含水率为65%时,3种气体总的¹⁵N回收率最高,占加入¹⁵N总量的20.0%。反硝化过程对NO、N₂O和N₂产生的贡献率分别为49.9%～94.1%、29.0%～84.7%和58.2%～85.8%,是产生3种气体的主要过程。异养硝化过程也是产生NO和N₂O的重要过程,特别是在土壤孔隙含水率很低时(10%)对两种气体产生的贡献率分别为50.1%和42.8%。,共反硝化过程对N₂O产生的贡献率为10.6%～30.7%,共反硝化和厌氧氨氧化过程对N₂产生的总贡献率为14.2%～41.8%,表明共反硝化过程在N₂O和N₂产生中的作用不可忽视。¹⁵N标记和配对法是区分气态氮损失的各种微生物过程的有效手段。

关键词: ¹⁵N标记法, ¹⁵N配对法, 一氧化氮, 氧化亚氮, 氮气, 反硝化过程, 异养硝化过程, 共反硝化过程, 土壤水分

Abstract: Gaseous nitrogen (N) emission [nitric oxide (NO), nitrous oxide (N₂O), and nitrogen (N₂)] is an important pathway of soil N loss. Nitrification and denitrification are the main processes of gaseous N production in soil. However, the contribution of heterotrophic nitrification, co-denitrification, and anammox to gaseous N production remains uncertain. In a laboratory soil incubation experiment, we used the ¹⁵N labelling and pairing technique, combining the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD), to quantify the contribution of different microbial processes to soil NO, N₂O and N₂ production under anaerobic conditions. The results showed that after 24 h anaerobic incubation, the highest total ¹⁵N recovery of three gases occurred at 65% water filled pore space (WFPS), accounting for 20.0% of total added ¹⁵N. Denitrification contributed 49.9%-94.1%, 29.0%-84.7%, and 58.2%-85.8% to the production of NO, N₂O and N₂ respectively, suggesting that denitrification was the predominant process of those three N gases emission. Heterotrophic nitrification was an important pathway of NO and N₂O production, particularly at conditions with low soil water content (10% WFPS), with its contribution to those two N gases production being 50.1% and 42.8%, respectively. Co-denitrification contributed 10.6%-30.7% of N₂O production. For N₂ production, the total contribution of co-denitrification and anammox was 14.2%-41.8%. The role of co-denitrification can not be ignored for N₂O and N₂ production. Our results demonstrated that the ¹⁵N labelling and pairing technique is a promising tool to quantify the contribution of different microbial processes to gaseous N loss.

Key words: ¹⁵N labelling, ¹⁵N pairing technique, NO, N₂O, N₂, denitrification, heterotrophic nitrification, co-denitrification, soil moisture

李靳, 康荣华, 于浩明, 王莹莹, 姚萌, 方运霆. 土壤水分对土壤产生气态氮的厌氧微生物过程的影响[J]. 应用生态学报, 2021, 32(6): 1989-1997.

LI Jin, KANG Rong-hua, YU Hao-ming, WANG Ying-ying, YAO Meng, FANG Yun-ting. Effects of soil moisture on microbial processes of soil nitrogen gases production under anaerobic conditions[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2021, 32(6): 1989-1997.

参考文献

[1] Bai E, Houlton BZ, Wang YP. Isotopic identification of nitrogen hotspots across natural terrestrial ecosystems. Biogeosciences, 2012, 9: 3287-3304
[2] Luo GJ, Brüggemann N, Wolf B, et al. Decadal variability of soil CO₂, NO, N₂O, and CH₄ fluxes at the Höglwald Forest, Germany. Biogeosciences, 2012, 9: 1741-1763
[3] Butterbach-Bahl K, Gasche R, Willibald G, et al. Exchange of N-gases at the Höglwald Forest: A summary. Plant and Soil, 2002, 240: 117-123
[4] Potter CS, Matson PA, Vitousek PM, et al. Process modeling of controls on nitrogen trace gas emissions from soils worldwide. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 1996, 101: 1361-1377
[5] Zhang JB, Cai ZC, Zhu TB. N₂O production pathways in the subtropical acid forest soils in China. Environmental Research, 2011, 111: 643-649
[6] Koehler B, Corre MD, Veldkamp E, et al. Immediate and long-term nitrogen oxide emissions from tropical forest soils exposed to elevated nitrogen input. Global Change Biology, 2009, 15: 2049-2066
[7] Mosier AR, Duxbury JM, Freney JR, et al. Assessing and mitigating N₂O emissions from agricultural soils. Climatic Change, 1998, 40: 7-38
[8] Pilegaard K, Skiba U, Ambus P, et al. Factors controlling regional differences in forest soil emission of nitrogen oxides (NO and N₂O). Biogeosciences, 2006, 3: 651-661
[9] Drury CF, McKenney DJ, Findlay WI. Nitric oxide and nitrous oxide production from soil: Water and oxygen effects. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1992, 56: 766-770
[10] Oswald R, Behrendt T, Ermel M, et al. HONO emissions from soil bacteria as a major source of atmospheric reactive nitrogen. Science, 2013, 341: 1233-1235
[11] Mathieu O, Hénault C, Lévêque J, et al. Quantifying the contribution of nitrification and denitrification to the nitrous oxide flux using ¹⁵N tracers. Environmental Pollution, 2006, 144: 933-940
[12] Khalil K, Mary B, Renault P. Nitrous oxide production by nitrification and denitrification in soil aggregates as affected by O₂ concentration. Soil Biology and Biochemi-stry, 2004, 36: 687-699
[13] Szukics U, Abell GCJ, Hödl V, et al. Nitrifiers and denitrifiers respond rapidly to changed moisture and increasing temperature in a pristine forest soil. Microbiol Ecology, 2010, 72: 395-406
[14] Zhang JB, Müller C, Cai ZC. Heterotrophic nitrification of organic N and its contribution to nitrous oxide emissions in soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2015, 84: 199-209
[15] Tang WG, Chen DX, Phillips OL, et al. Effects of long-term increased N deposition on tropical montane forest soil N₂ and N₂O emissions. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2018, 126: 194-203
[16] Long A, Heitman J, Tobias C, et al. Co-occurring anammox, denitrification, and codenitrification in agricultural soils. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2013, 79: 168-176
[17] 刘辉, 牟长城, 吴彬, 等. 黑龙江帽儿山温带森林类型土壤非生长季温室气体排放特征. 林业科学, 2020, 56(10): 11-25 [Liu H, Mou C-C, Wu B, et al. Characterization of greenhouse gas emissions from the soil of temperate forest types during non-growing season in Maoer Mountain, Heilongjiang. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2020, 56(10): 11-25]
[18] Li DJ, Wang XM. Nitrogen isotopic signature of soil-released nitric oxide (NO) after fertilizer application. Atmospheric Environment, 2008, 42: 4747-4754
[19] Kang RH, Mulder J, Dórsch P. Modified method for trapping and analyzing ¹⁵N in NO released from soils. Analytical Chemistry, 2017, 89: 4124-4130
[20] Homyak PM, Blankinship JC, Marchus K, et al. Aridity and plant uptake interact to make dryland soils hotspots for nitric oxide (NO) emissions. Proceedingsof the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2016, 113: E2608-2616
[21] Sigman DM, Casciotti KL, Andreani M, et al. A bacterial method for the nitrogen isotopic analysis of nitrate in seawater and freshwater. Analytical Chemistry, 2001, 73: 4145-4153
[22] Mcllvin MR, Altabet MA. Chemical conversion of nitrate and nitrite to nitrous oxide for nitrogen and oxygen isotope analysis in freshwater and seawater. Analytical Chemistry, 2005, 77: 5589-5595
[23] Isobe K, Suwa Y, Ikutani J, et al. Analytical techniques for quantifying ¹⁵N/¹⁴N of nitrate, nitrite, total dissolved nitrogen and ammonium in environmental samples using a gas chromatograph equipped with a quadrupole mass spectrometer. Microbes and Environments, 2011, 26: 46-53
[24] Isobe K, Koba K, Ueda S, et al. A simple and rapid GC/MS method for the simultaneous determination of gaseous metabolites. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 2011, 84: 46-51
[25] Yang WH, McDowell AC, Brooks PD, et al. New high precision approach for measuring ¹⁵N-N₂ gas fluxes from terrestrial ecosystems. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2014, 69: 234-241
[26] 刘畅, 满秀玲, 刘文勇, 等. 东北东部山地主要林分类型土壤特性及其水源涵养功能. 水土保持学报, 2006, 20(6): 30-33 [Liu C, Man X-L, Liu W-Y, et al. Soil characteristic and water conservation function of forest types in eastern mountainous region of northeast China. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2006, 20(6): 30-33]
[27] Thamdrup B, Dalsgaard T. Production of N₂ through anaerobic ammonium oxidation coupled to nitrate reduction in marine sediments. Applied and Environmental Micro-biology, 2002, 68: 1312-1318
[28] Skopp J, Jswson MD, Doran JW. Steady-state aerobic microbial activity as a function of soil water content. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1990, 54: 1619-1625
[29] Szukics U, Hackl E, Zechmeister-Boltenstern S, et al. Contrasting response of two forest soils to nitrogen input: Rapidly altered NO and N₂O emissions and nirK abundance. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2009, 45: 855-863
[30] Bollmann A, Conrad R. Influence of O₂ availability on NO and N₂O release by nitrification and denitrification in soils. Global Change Biology, 1998, 4: 387-396
[31] Davidson EA, Keller M, Erickson HE, et al. Testing a conceptual model of soil emissions of nitrous and nitric oxides. Bioscience, 2000, 50: 667-680
[32] Morse JL, Durán J, Beall F, et al. Soil denitrification fluxes from three northeastern North American forests across a range of nitrogen deposition. Oecologia, 2015, 177: 17-27
[33] Liu XJ, Xu W, Duan L, et al. Atmospheric nitrogen emission, deposition, and air quality impacts in China: An overview. Current Pollution Reports, 2017, 3: 65-77
[34] Russow R, Spott O, Stange CF. Evaluation of nitrate and ammonium as sources of NO and N₂O emissions from black earth soils (Haplic Chernozem) based on ¹⁵N field experiments. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2008, 40: 380-391
[35] Zhang JB, Müller C, Zhu TB, et al. Heterotrophic nitrification is the predominant NO₃^- production mechanism in coniferous but not broad-leaf acid forest soil in subtropical China. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2011, 47: 533-542
[36] Li YH, Wang SQ, Li HB, et al. Contribution of co-denitrification to nitrous oxide production from subsurface wastewater infiltration system. Ecological Engineering, 2020, 151: doi: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2020.105854
[37] Xi D, Bai R, Zhang LM, et al. Contribution of anammox to nitrogen removal in two temperate forest soils. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2016, 82: 4602-4612