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应用生态学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (7): 2458-2468.doi: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202107.028

• 研究论文 • 上一篇    下一篇

果树树冠遮阴对间作冬小麦籽粒灌浆的影响

张雯1, 韩守安1, 王敏1, 阿力木江·奥布力2, 潘明启1, 艾尔麦克·才卡斯木1, 张平3, 谢辉1*   

  1. 1新疆农业科学院园艺作物研究所/农业农村部新疆地区果树科学观测试验站, 乌鲁木齐 830091;
    2和田地区林业和草原局, 新疆和田 848000;
    3新疆农业科学院农产品贮藏加工研究所, 乌鲁木齐 830091
  • 收稿日期:2020-10-22 修回日期:2021-04-29 出版日期:2021-07-15 发布日期:2022-01-15
  • 通讯作者: *xhxjnky@163.com
  • 作者简介:张雯,女,1984年生,硕士,副研究员。主要从事果园生态与果实品质调控研究。E-mail:zwxilin@126.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(31560138)和新疆维吾尔自治区优秀青年科技人才培养项目(qn2016yx0234)

Effects of fruit tree canopy shading on grain filling of intercropping winter wheat

ZHANG Wen1, HAN Shou-an1, WANG Min1, Alemujiang Aubrey2, PAN Ming-qi1, Aiermaike Caik Aaasimu1, ZHANG Ping3, XIE Hui1*   

  1. 1Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pomology (Xinjiang), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Urumqi 830091, China;
    2Forestry and Grassland Administration of Hetian Prefecture, Hetian 848000, Xinjiang, China;
    3Institute of Agricultural Product Storage and Processing, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China
  • Received:2020-10-22 Revised:2021-04-29 Online:2021-07-15 Published:2022-01-15
  • Contact: *xhxjnky@163.com
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China (31560138) and the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Outstanding Y oung Science and Technology Talent Training Project (qn2016yx0234).

摘要: 果树-小麦间作模式是新疆南疆地区的主要农业种植模式。试验以扁桃-冬小麦(新冬20)间作模式为对象,通过主干分层形(DC)、小冠形(SC)、开心形(OC)和高干形(HS)4个树形和3个间作距离(分别距树干距离1.5、2.5和3.5 m)共同营造不同果树树冠遮光处理,以单作小麦为对照,对不同处理下冬小麦灌浆期环境因子、籽粒灌浆特性进行测定,对灌浆特征参数与千粒重和环境因子的相关关系进行分析,旨在为新疆南疆果粮间作树形的选择和优化提供理论依据。结果表明:树冠遮光导致小麦冠层上方光合有效辐射强度(PAR)、红光/远红光(R/FR)和温度显著降低,湿度显著提高,变化程度受树形和间作距离的共同影响,4个树形对应间作区域PAR降幅均为DC>OC/HS>SC,除HS外,同一树形不同间作距离PAR降幅均表现为1.5 m>2.5 m>3.5 m,PAR降幅分布范围为35.5%~86.6%。采用三次多项式方程拟合籽粒灌浆过程,对籽粒灌浆参数与籽粒重量的相关性分析表明,小麦千粒重的降低与平均灌浆速率(V)、最大灌浆速率(Vmax)、有效灌浆持续期(Se)和有效灌浆持续期平均灌浆速率(Vs)的下降密切相关。灌浆特征参数与环境因子的相关性分析表明,Se缩短、V降低主要是由小麦冠层入射PAR强度的下降导致的。果粮间作模式下,树冠遮阴使PAR强度降低,干物质积累量减少、Se下降,最终导致间作小麦千粒重降低,当间作距离大于75%树高、遮阴强度≤自然光强的35.5%时,间作可以通过延长有效灌浆持续期,提高小麦千粒重。

关键词: 间作, 小麦, 籽粒灌浆特征, 环境因子, 树形

Abstract: Fruit tree-wheat intercropping system is the main agricultural production pattern in sou-thern Xinjiang. In this study, almond (Amygdalus communis)-winter wheat (Xindong 20 (Triticum aestivum, var. Xindong 20) intercropping system was used as the research object. Four tree forms of delayed open-central shape (DC), open-center shape (OC), high stem-shape (HS), and semicircle small-canopy shape (SC) and three intercropping distances (wheat intercropping area respectively 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 m from the tree trunk) were set to create tree canopy shading treatments, with monoculture wheat as the control. The environmental factors and the grain filling characteristic of winter wheat under different treatment conditions were measured, and the correlation between grain filling characteristics and 1000-grain weight and environmental factors was established to provide information for selecting the best management standards and optimizing the intercropping system. The results showed that under the almond tree-winter wheat intercropping system, the PAR, red/far-red light (R/FR), and temperature above the wheat canopy were significantly decreased due to canopy shading, resulting in a significant increase in humidity. The degree of variation was affected by tree form and distance. The PAR decrease degree of the four treatments was DC>OC/HS>SC, except for HS. The PAR decrease of the other tree form treatments was 1.5 m>2.5 m>3.5 m. The PAR decrease was distributed in the range of 35.5%-86.6%. A cubic polynomial equation represented the grain filling process, and the specific property of grain filling and 1000-grain weight was assessed using the correlation analysis. The decrease in the 1000-grain weight in the intercropping system was closely associated with the decreases in average grain-filling rate (V), maximum grain-filling rate (Vmax), effective grain-filling duration (Se), and effective grain-filling duration (Vs). The shortening of Se and the reduction in the grain filling rate were related with the reduction in the PAR incidence above the wheat canopy. In the fruit tree-winter wheat intercropping system, the reduction of PAR, dry matter accumulation after flowering, and Se were reduced by tree canopy shading consequently for the decrease in the 1000-grain weight of the intercropping wheat. When the distance between the intercropping area and the tree trunk was greater than 75% of tree height, and shading intensity was less than 35.5% of the natural light intensity, the intercropping with the almond tree could increase the 1000-grain weight of wheat by increasing the effective grain-filling duration.

Key words: intercropping, wheat, grain filling characteristics, environmental factor, tree form