基于鸟类栖息地的西安市生态网络构建及景观优化

doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202508.027

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 构建精细化的城市生态单元制图,有助于全面揭示物种生境质量、空间分布特征及景观结构信息,为优化城市生态格局提供科学支撑。鸟类作为城市生态系统中的关键指示物种,其栖息地变化能够敏感地反映生态环境质量,因此,优化鸟类栖息地对城市生态规划与修复具有重要意义。本研究基于Fragstats 4.2软件,结合植被水平结构、垂直结构及林木类型等因子,对西安市景观格局进行生态单元划分与分析,并基于鸟类分布数据开展聚类分析,识别其栖息地偏好特征。随后,结合最大墒模型和形态学空间格局分析模型,识别适宜鸟类栖息的生态源地,并构建以鸟类栖息地为核心的城市生态网络。结果表明: 在研究区划分的生态单元中,灰色生态单元的面积占比(87.8%)最高,其次为绿色生态单元(占比5.5%)、农田生态单元(占比4.7%)和蓝色生态单元(占比2.0%)。景观破碎度分析结果显示,绿色生态单元破碎化程度最高,然后依次为蓝色生态单元、农田生态单元和灰色生态单元。鸟类在各生态单元中的分布频率依次为:灰色生态单元(63.2%)＞绿色生态单元(24.5%)＞蓝色生态单元(8.6%)＞农田生态单元(3.4%)。聚类分析结果表明,鸟类更倾向于栖息于农田、草地及半闭合/半开敞的混交多层林等生态单元。基于鸟类栖息地构建的生态网络共识别出38个生态源地、69条生态廊道、40个生态夹点和54个生态障碍点。以鸟类栖息地为核心构建城市生态网络,可为城市生境质量提升、生物多样性保护及区域生态规划提供重要参考。

关键词: 鸟类, 景观格局, 生态单元制图, 栖息地, 生态网络

Abstract: By comprehensively revealing species habitat quality, spatial distribution characteristics and landscape structure information, the construction of refined urban biotope mapping can provide scientific support for optimizing the urban ecological pattern. As a key indicator species in urban ecosystems, bird habitat changes reflect environmental quality, making bird habitat optimization crucial for urban ecological planning and restoration. Based on Fragstats 4.2 software, we analyzed the biotope of the landscape pattern of Xi’an City by combining the factors of horizontal structure, vertical structure and forest type, and carried out cluster analysis based on the distribution data of birds to identify their habitat preference. We further combined the maximum entropy model and morphological spatial pattern analysis model to identify the ecological sources suitable for bird habitats and construct an urban ecological network with bird habitats as the core. The results showed that in the biotopes delineated in the study area, the grey biotope had the highest area share (87.8%), followed by the green biotope (5.5%), the farmland biotope (4.7%), and the blue biotope (2.0%). The results of landscape fragmentation analysis showed that the green biotope had the highest degree of fragmentation, followed by the blue biotope, farmland biotope, and grey biotope. The distribution frequency of birds in each biotope was in the order of grey biotope (63.2%) > green biotope (24.5%) > blue biotope (8.6%) > farmland biotope (3.4%). The results of cluster analysis showed that birds preferred to inhabit biotopes such as farmland, grassland, and semi-closed/semi-open mixed multi-storey forest. The ecological network constructed based on bird habitats identified 38 ecological sources, 69 ecological corridors, 40 ecological pinch points, and 54 ecological barriers. The construction of the urban ecological network centered on bird habitats could provide an important reference for urban habitat quality improvement, biodiversity conservation, and regional ecological planning.

Key words: birds, landscape pattern, biotope mapping, habitat, ecological network

王欣悦, 王传文, 梁蕙仪, 高冬阳, 杨丹晨, 邱玲, 高天. 基于鸟类栖息地的西安市生态网络构建及景观优化[J]. 应用生态学报, 2025, 36(8): 2525-2534.

WANG Xinyue, WANG Chuanwen, LIANG Huiyi, GAO Dongyang, YANG Danchen, QIU Ling, GAO Tian. Construction of an urban ecological network and landscape optimization in Xi’an based on bird habitats[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2025, 36(8): 2525-2534.

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