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应用生态学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (2): 451-462.doi: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202302.015

• 研究论文 • 上一篇    下一篇

节水补灌下施磷量对小麦不同茎蘖光合和衰老特性及产量的影响

惠凯善1, 吴召汉2, 张永丽1*   

  1. 1山东农业大学农学院/作物生物学国家重点实验室/农业农村部作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室, 山东泰安 271018;
    2辛庄镇农业综合服务中心, 济南 271108
  • 收稿日期:2022-06-27 接受日期:2022-11-25 出版日期:2023-02-15 发布日期:2023-08-15
  • 通讯作者: *E-mail: zhangyl@sdau.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:惠凯善, 男, 1996年生, 硕士。主要从事小麦高产优质栽培生理生态研究。E-mail: HKShan1@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(31771717)、财政部和农业农村部“国家现代农业产业技术体系项目”(CARS-03)

Effects of phosphorus application rates on photosynthetic and senescence characteristics and yield of diffe-rent stems and tillers of wheat under water-saving supplementary irrigation

HUI Kaishan1, WU Zhaohan2, ZHANG Yongli1*   

  1. 1College of Agriculture, Shandong Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Corp Biology/Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China;
    2Xinzhuang Town Agricultural Comprehensive Service Center, Jinan 271108, China
  • Received:2022-06-27 Accepted:2022-11-25 Online:2023-02-15 Published:2023-08-15

摘要: 为明确节水补灌下小麦不同茎蘖籽粒产量对施磷量响应的生理机制,探明适宜的磷肥用量,以‘济麦22'小麦品种为供试材料,在节水补灌(W70,拔节期和开花期将0~40 cm土层土壤含水量均补灌至田间饱和持水量的70%)和不灌水(W0)条件下设置3个施磷量处理:低磷(90 kg P2O5·hm-2,P1)、中磷(135 kg P2O5·hm-2,P2)和高磷(180 kg P2O5·hm-2,P3),以不施磷为对照(P0),研究了小麦不同茎蘖光合和衰老特性、各茎蘖籽粒产量及水分利用效率和磷肥利用效率。结果表明: 节水补灌和不灌水条件下,P2的主茎、Ⅰ和Ⅱ蘖(着生于主茎第1、2片真叶叶腋中的一级分蘖)旗叶叶绿素相对含量、净光合速率、蔗糖含量、磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性、超氧化物歧化酶活性和可溶性蛋白质含量均高于P0和P1,这是其主茎、Ⅰ和Ⅱ蘖穗粒重较高的主要生理原因,但均与P3无显著差异。节水补灌下,P2较P0和P1提高了主茎、Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ蘖(着生于主茎第3片真叶叶腋中的一级分蘖)籽粒产量,较P3提高了Ⅱ和Ⅲ蘖籽粒产量,公顷籽粒产量比P0、P1和P3分别高49.1%、30.5%和8.9%,水分利用效率和磷肥农学效率最高;不灌水下,P2较P0和P1提高了主茎、Ⅰ和Ⅱ蘖籽粒产量,较P3提高了Ⅱ蘖籽粒产量,公顷籽粒产量、水分利用效率和磷肥农学效率均高于P0、P1和P3。各施磷处理下节水补灌的小麦公顷籽粒产量、磷肥农学效率和水分利用效率均高于不灌水处理。节水补灌下中磷施磷处理(135 kg·hm-2)是本试验条件下高产高效的最佳处理。

关键词: 小麦, 节水补灌, 施磷量, 茎蘖产量, 生理机制

Abstract: To clarify the physiological mechanism underlying grain yield of different stems and tillers of wheat in response to phosphorus application under water-saving supplementary irrigation and to determine the suitable phosphorus fertilization rate, we set water-saving supplementary irrigation (irrigation to the soil water content of 0-40 cm soil layer shall be supplemented to 70% of the field saturation capacity during the jointing stage and flowering stage, W70) and no irrigation (W0) on wheat variety ‘Jimai 22', and three phosphorous application rates, low (90 kg P2O5·hm-2, P1), medium (135 kg P2O5·hm-2, P2), and high (180 kg P2O5·hm-2, P3), with no phosphorus application as the control (P0). We examined the photosynthetic and senescence characteristics, the grain yield of the different stems and tillers, as well as water and phosphorus use efficiency. The results showed that under both water-saving supplementary irrigation and no irrigation, the relative content of chlorophyll, net photosynthetic rate, sucrose content, sucrose phosphate synthase activity, superoxide dismutase activity, and soluble protein content of flag leaf of the main stem and tillers Ⅰ and Ⅱ (first degree tillers arising from axils of the 1st and 2nd true leaf of the main stem) under P2 were significantly higher than those under P0 and P1, which contributed to the higher grain weight per spike of main stem and tillersⅠ and Ⅱ, but did not differ from P3. Under water-saving supplementary irrigation, P2 increased grain yield of main stem and tillers Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ (first degree tillers arising from axils of the 3rd true leaf of the main stem) compared with that under P0 and P1, and increased grain yield of tillers Ⅱ and Ⅲ compared with P3. Grain yield per hectare under P2 was 49.1%, 30.5% and 8.9% higher than that under P0, P1 and P3, respectively. Similarly, water use efficiency and phosphorus fertilizer agronomic efficiency under P2 were the highest among the phosphorous treatments under water-saving supplementary irrigation. Under no irrigation condition, P2 increased grain yield of main stem and tillers Ⅰ and Ⅱ compared with P0 and P1, yet grain yield of tiller Ⅱ was higher than that of P3. Furthermore, under P2, the grain yield per hectare, water use effi-ciency, and phosphorus fertilizer agronomic efficiency were higher than those under P0, P1 and P3 under no irrigation. Under each phosphorous application rate, grain yield per hectare, phosphorus fertilizer agronomic efficiency, and water use efficiency of water-saving supplementary irrigation treatment were higher than those of no irrigation treatment. In conclusion, medium phosphorus application rate (135 kg·hm-2) under water-saving supplementary irrigation would be the optimal treatment for both high grain yield and efficiency under the experimental condition.

Key words: wheat, water saving supplementary irrigation, phosphorus application rate, yield of stems and tillers, physiological mechanism