节水农业及其生理生态基础

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 提高自然降水和灌溉水利用效率是节水农业要解决的中心问题。近年实践证明,通过提高水分利用率的途径增加农田生产力存在很大潜力,节水和增产的目标可能同时实现。为实现这一目标,需要研究确定植物水分亏缺的允许程度。植物各个生理过程对水分亏缺的敏感性不同,综合文献报道和作者研究结果,水分亏缺对与作物产量密切相关生理过程影响的先后顺序为:生长—蒸腾—光合—运输。在一定条件下,有限水分亏缺不会对作物最终经济产量造成影响,但却能显著提高水分利用效率。

关键词: 节水农业, 水分利用效率, 水分亏缺

Abstract: The key problem needed to be solved in water saving agriculture is to increase the utilization efficiency of rainfall and irrigation. Recent experiments and practices reveal that great petential exists in raising field productivity through the approaches of increasing plant water use efficiency (WUE); the aims of high yield and low water consumption may be achieved simultaneously. In order to reach this goal, it is necessary to study and determine the permitting degree of plant water deficit. Each physiological process of plants has different sensitivity to water deficit. On the basis of our experiment and other researchers' work, the effect of water deficit on physiological processes which are closely related to crcp yield is in the following sequence: Growth-Transpiration-Photosynthesis-Translocation. Under certain conditions, the limited water deficit does not influence the grain yield, and the WUEcan be increased remarkably.

Key words: Water saving agriculture, Water use efficiency, Water deficit

山仑, 徐萌. 节水农业及其生理生态基础[J]. 应用生态学报, 1991, 2(1): 70-76.

Shan Lun, Xu Mvng . Water-saving agriculture and its physio-ecological bases[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 1991, 2(1): 70-76.

参考文献

[1] 山仑.1983.我国西北地区植物水分研究与旱地农业增产.植物生理学通讯,(5):7-10.

[2] 山仑,郭礼坤.1984.逆境成苗生态生理研究(I)春播谷类作物成苗期间的抗旱性及其需水条件.作物学报,10(4): 258-263.

[3] 山仑等.1980.小麦灌浆期生理特性和土壤水分条件对灌浆影响的研究.植物生理学通讯,(3):41-46.

[4] 山仑等.1988.宁南山区主要粮食作物生产力和水分利用的研究.中国农业科学,21(2):9-16.

[5] 李玉山等.1985.渭北塬区农田水分供需特征和低定额灌溉研究.中国农业科学,(4):42-48.

[6] 刘文兆等.1989.作物产量与耗水量关系的田间研究.西南农业大学学报(增刊).

[7] 许大全等.1987.田间小麦光合作肝“午睡”现象的研究.I.喷雾对小麦光合作用与籽粒产量的影响.作物学报,13(2), 111-115.

[8] 余叔文等.1364.抽穗后土壤供水条件对小麦干物质积累和运输的影响.植物生理学报,9(1):79-81.

[9] 余叔文等.1964.小麦苗期干旱锻练的效果问题及其生理基础.作物学报,3(2):169-179,

[10] 陈志雄.1987.应充分重视土壤水分潜力.中国科学报,2月13日第2版.

[11] 陈培元等.1986,黄土旱想冬小麦耗水模式的研究.西北植物学报,6(4):225-234,

[12] 韩仕峰等.1988.黄土高原西部地区土壤水分亏损及其提高途径.水土保持通报,8(2):57-64,

[13] 裴步祥、安顺清.1985.冬小麦农田水分与产量关系试验的初步结果.科学通报,(20): 1599-1600.

[14] Максимов,H.A.(周小民译).1959.关于植物的抗早和抗寒.马克西莫夫院士选集(上卷),科学出版社,北京,367-446.

[15] Aggarwal, P.K.et al, 19s6. Evapo-transpiration, water use efficiency, harvest index and grain yield,Field Crops Kesearch, 13:301-315.

[16] Asana, R ,D. et al, 1962, Studies in physiological analysis of yield. Indian J. of Plant Physiol,,5:128-171.

[17] Hoyer, J, S. 1970. Leaf enlargement and metabolic rate in corn, soybean, and sunflower at various leaf potentials. Plant Physiol.,46:233-235.

[18] Brevedan,E. R. et a1.1973.Effects of moisture deficits on ¹⁴C translocation in corn (Zes mays L), Plant Physiol,,52:436-439.

[19] Chaudhary, T, N. 19x5, Response of wheat to irrigation with small amounts of water applied in various ways.Agric.Water Management,10:357-364.

[20] Constable, G. A and Hearn, A. B. lssl. Irrigation for crops in a sub-humid environment,brig. Sci. 3:17-28.

[21] Day, W. 1981, Water stress and crop growth,In:Physiological Processes Limiting Plant Pro ductivity. (ed, by C. B, Johnson),Butterworths,London, 199-215.

[22] Eck, H. V. 1686. Effect of water deficits on yield, yield components, and water use-efficieacy of irrigated corn, Agron. J.,78:1035-1940.

[23] Gajri, P. R. and Prihar, S. S. 1983. Effect of small irrigation amounts on the yield of whe2t. Agric. Water Management, 8:31-41.

[24] Hanks, R. J. lss3. Yield and Water-use Rele-tioaships. In: Limitations to Efficient Water Use in Crop Production (ed, by H. M, Taylor et al.)American Society of Agronomy, Inc.,Madison. WI, 393-411.

[25] Hergert. G.W. et al. lssa. Cropping systems for soil and water conservation in the great plains. In Proceedings of International Conference on Dryland Farming, Amarillo/Bushland,Texas USA.

[26] Hillel, D. 1980. Application of Soil Physics.Academic Press, New York, 216-230.

[27] Hsiao, T, C. 1973. Plant responses to water stress. Ann. Rew. Plant Physiol., 24:519-570.

[28] Hsiao,T,' C. 1988. Limits to crop productivity imposed by water deficits. In:Abstracts of the International Congress of Plant Physiology,New Delhi, February less, 127.

[29] Mahalakshmi, Y. et al. 1988. Timing and intensity of water deficits during flowering and grain-filling in pearl millet. Agron. 1.,80:130-135.

[30] Maurer, R. E. et al, 1979. Irrigation sheduling and drought-stress conditioning in corn.ASAE paper No: 79-3509. St. Joseph. Mo.

[31] Nageswara, R. C.1988. Effect of water de-licit at different growth phases of peanut.Aaron. 1., 80:431-438.

[32] Roseathal, W. D. et al, lssl. Water deficiteffects on transpiration and leaf growth, Agron, 1., 79:1019-1026.

[33] Schlegel, A.1988. Irrigation scheduling for grain sorghum, Southwest Kansas Branch Station Communication, Kansas State University.

[34] Sharma, B. R. 1987. Effect of time and amount of first irrigation on the root distribution and fodder yiald of oats. J. Agric, Sci. Camb.,108:299-303.

[35] Turner. N. C. 1987. Crop water deficits: A decade of progress. Adv. in Agron,,39:.1-51.

[36] Turner, N. C. 1989. The benefits of limited water deficits. In: Proceedings of the International Congress of Plant. Physiology, New Delhi, February 1988.

[37] Undersander, D.J. 1986. Management of sorghum under limited irrigation. Agron. J.,78:28-32.

[38] Wardlaw, I. F, 1969, The effect of water stress on traaslocation in relation to Photosythesis and growth, Aust. J.Biol. Sci,,22:1-16,