内蒙古温带典型草原羊尿斑块土壤化学特性变化

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 在内蒙古冷蒿小禾草草原1989年围封禁牧地,研究了天然羊尿尿斑土壤化学特性的变化规律.结果表明,土壤pH值于施尿后第2天达到最大值,以后呈下降趋势,58天后pH值基本稳定在6.5左右且低于对照区水平.施尿区土壤可溶性有机碳含量的变化趋势与pH值的变化基本一致,两者存在显著的正相关关系(P<0.01).施尿后土壤总可溶性磷含量显著提高(P<0.05),第2天达到最大值(35.1mg·L^-1),总可溶性磷各组分钼酸反应磷、可溶性有机磷和可溶性缩合磷百分比均存在两个明显的变化阶段,钼酸反应磷和可溶性有机磷与可溶性缩合磷存在显著的负相关关系(P<0.05).施尿区土壤NH+4N在第2天达到最大值,以后呈下降趋势;NO₃-N含量14天后开始显著增加,并于第21天达到最大值,其变化呈现明显的“双峰型”特征,并较NH₄⁺-N存在显著的时滞现象;施尿后土壤可溶性有机氮含量显著增加,并表现为“双峰型”变化特征.

关键词: 羊尿斑块, 化学特性, 碳, 氮, 磷, 时间变化

Abstract: Sheep play an important role in the nutrient cycling in extensively grazed grasslands,mainly through their annual return of around 5～25 kg N in the shape of urine.This return changes the temporal distribution of nutrients in soil and alters their bioavailability.Urine patches are the most important areas of the transformation and cycling of nutrients in the grazed grasslands.In order to make known the changes of soil chemical properties in sheep urine patches,an experiment was set up in the typical steppe area of central Inner Mongolia.The results indicated that soil pH value reached the maximum on the second day after urine excretion,and then declined.It maintained at around 6.5 from the 58th day,which was under the level of the control.Soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in urine patches exhibited the identical changing characteristics with soil pH,and had a significantly (P<0.01) positive correlation with it.Soil total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) increased significantly (P<0.05) after urine excretion,and reached the maximum at the 2nd day.The percentage of molybdate reactive phosphorus (MRP),dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) and dissolved condensed phosphorus (DCP) showed significantly two changing phases,and there existed significantly (P<0.05) negative correlations between MRP,DOP and DCP.Soil NH₄⁺-N reached the maximum on the 2nd day after urine excretion and then declined,while soil NO₃^--N increased significantly after 14 days and reached the maximum on the 21st day,showing significant “double peaks” characteristics.Soil dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) also increased significantly after urine excretion.

Key words: Sheep urine patches, Soil chemical properties, Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Temporal change

中图分类号:

S154.1

刘忠宽, 汪诗平, 韩建国, 王艳芬, 陈佐忠. 内蒙古温带典型草原羊尿斑块土壤化学特性变化[J]. 应用生态学报, 2004, (12): 2255-2260.

LIU Zhongkuan, WANG Shiping, HAN Jianguo, WANG Yanfen, CHEN Zuozhong . Changes of soil chemical properties in sheep urine patches in Inner Mongolia steppe[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2004, (12): 2255-2260.

参考文献

[1] Addiscott TM, Whitmore AP, Massons HK, et al. 1991. Farming,Fertilizers and the Nitrate Problem. Wallingford: CAB International.
[2] Afzal M, Adams WA. 1992. Heterogeneity of soil mineral nitrogen in pasture grazed by cattle. Soil Sci Soc Am J, 56:1160～1165
[3] Ball PR, Keeney DR, Olpter LH, et al. 1979. Nitrogen balance in urine-affected areas of a New Zeal and pasture. Agron J, 71:309～314
[4] Barlow WR. 1988. Nitrogen transformation and volatilization in sheep urine patches. J Aust Inst Agric Sci, 40 : 51～57
[5] Bathurst NO, Mitchell KJ. 1982. The effect of urine and dung on the nitrogen mineralization on pastures. New Zealand J Agric Res,23: 540～552
[6] Carran RA, Ball PR, Sarrer PL, et al . 1982. Soil nitrogen balances in urine-affected areas under two moisture regimes in Southland.New Zealand J Exp Agric, 10: 377～381
[7] Chen Q-M(陈庆美), Wang S-Q(王绍强), Yu G-R(于贵瑞).2003. Spatial characteristics of soil organic carbon and nitrogen in Inner Mongolia. Chin J Appl Ecol(应用生态学报), 14(5):699～704 (in Chinese)
[8] Chen Z-Z(陈佐忠), Wang S-P(汪诗平). 2000. China Typical Steppe Ecosystem. Beijing: Science Press. (in Chinese)
[9] Doak BW. 1952. Some chemical changes in the nitrogenous constituents of urine when voided on pasture. J Agric Sci, 10:1～22
[10] Fleisher Z, Hagin J. 1981. Lowering ammonia volatilization losses from urea application by activation of nitrification process. Fert Res, 2101～107
[11] Floate MJS, Torrance CJW. 1970. Decomposition of the organic materals from hill soils and pastures Ⅱ. Comparative studies on the mineralization of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus from plant materals and sheep faeces. Soil Biol Biochem, 2:173～185
[12] Hartikainen H, Yli-Halla M. 1996. Solubility of soil phosphorus as influenced by ures. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci, 159:327～332
[13] Haynes RJ, Williams PH. 1992. Changes in soil solution composition and pH in urine-affected areas of pasture. J Soil Sci, 43: 323～334
[14] Haynes RJ, Williams PH. 1993. Nutrient cycling and soil fertility in the grazed pasture ecosystem. Adv Agron, 49:119～199
[15] Haynes RJ, Williams PH. 1993. Nutrient cycling and soil fertility in the grazed pasture ecosystem. Adv Agron, 43: 323～334
[16] Haynes RJ. 1986a. Uptake and assimilation of mineral nitrogen by plants. In: Haynes RJ ed. Mineral Nitrogen in the Plant-Soil System. London: Academic Press. 303～378
[17] Holland PT, During C. 1977. Movement of nitrate-N and transformations of urea-N under field conditions. New Zealand J Agric Res, 20: 479～488
[18] Hutchinson GL, Davidson EA. 1993. Processes for production and consumption of gaseous nitrogen oxides in soil. In: American Society of Agronomy ed. Agricultural Ecosystem Effects Trace Gases and Global Climate Change. New York:ASA Publication. 79～93
[19] Li H-X(李华兴), Li C-H(李长洪), Zhang X-M(张新明), et al.2001. Effect of natural zeolite on soil nutrient bioavailability and soil chemical properties. Chin J Appl Ecol (应用生态学报), 12(5):743～745(in Chinese)
[20] Lloyd D. 1993. Aerobic denitrification in soils and sediments: From fallacies to facts. Trends Ecol Evolut, 8:352～356
[21] Monaghan RM, Barraclough D. 1992. Some chemical and physical factors affecting the rate and dynamics of nitrification in urine-affected soil. Plant Soil, 143:11～18
[22] Murphy J, Riley JP. 1962. A modified single solution method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters. Ana Chem Acta,27:31～36
[23] Prinn R, Cunnold D, Haygut MN, et al. 1990. Atmospheric emission and trends of nitrous oxide deduced from 10 years of ALEGAGE data. J Geoph Res, 95:18369～18385
[24] Ron Vaz MD, Ewards AC, Shand CA, et al. 1992. Determination of dissolved organic phosphorus in soil solution: An improved automated photo-oxidation procedure. Talanta, 38:1479～1487
[25] Ryden JC. 1999. Flow of nitrogen in grassland. London: Proceedings of Fertilizer Society. 229
[26] Sherlock RR, Goh KM. 1984. Dynamics of ammonia volatilization from simulated urine patches I. Field experiments. Fert Res, 5:181～195
[27] Stanford G, Zaman E. 1998. Nitrogen mineralization - Water relations in soils. Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc, 38:103～107
[28] Thomas RJ, Logan KAB, Kates AU, et al. 1988. Transformations and fate of sheep urine-N applied to an upland UK pasture at different times. Plant Soil, 107:173～181
[29] Vallis I, Harper LA, Montt VH, et al. 1982. Volatilization of ammonia from urine patches in a subtropical pasture. Aust J Agric Res, 33: 97～107
[30] Vlek PLG, Carter MF. 1983. The effect of soil environment and fertilizer modifications on the rate of urea hydrolysis. Soil Sci, 136:56～63
[31] Wang S-P(汪诗平), Li Y-H(李永宏). 1997. The influence of different stocking rates and grazing periods on the chemical components in feces of grazing sheep and relationship among the fecal components. Acta Zoo Nutr Sin ( 动物营养学报 ), 9 (2): 49～56(in Chinese)
[32] Wang S-P(汪诗平). 2000. The dietary composition of fine wool sheep and plant diversity in Inner Mongolia Steppe. Acta Ecol Sin ( 生态学报), 20(6): 951～957 (in Chinese)
[33] Wang S-P(汪诗平). 2001. The dietary composition of wool sheep and plant diversity under different stocking rate in Inner Mongolia Steppe. Acta Ecol Sin ( 生态态学报 ), 21(2):237～243(in Chinese)
[34] Watson CJ, Fowler SM, Wilman D. 1993. Soil inorganic-N and nitrate leaching on organic farms. J Agric Sci, 120: 361～369
[35] Whitehead DC, Raistrick N. 1993a. Nitrogen in the excreta of dairy cattle: Changes during short-term storage. J Agric Sci, 121: 73～81
[36] Williams BL, Shand CA, Sellers S. 1999.Impact of synthetic sheep urine on N and P in two pastures in the Scottish uplands. Plant Soil, 214:93～103
[37] Williams BL, Shand CA, Young ME. 1995. A procedure for the simultaneous oxidation of total soluble nitrogen and phosphorus in extracts of fresh and fumigated soils and litters. Commun Soil Sci Plant Ana, 26: 91～106
[38] Williams DL, Ineson P, Varris PH, et al. 1999. Temporal variations in nitrous oxide fluxes from urine-affected grassland. Soil Biol Biochem, 31: 779～788
[39] Wu J-G(吴建国), Zhang X-Q(张小全), Xu D-Y(徐得应). 2004.Impact of land-use change on soil carbon storage. Chin J Appl Ecol (应用生态学报), 15(4):593～599(in Chinese)
[40] Xie L-H(谢林花), Lu J-L( 吕家珑), Zhang Y-P(张一平), et al.2004. Influence of long-term fertilization on phosphorus fertility of calcareous soil I. Organic matter, total phosphorus and available phosphorus. Chin J Appl Ecol (应用生态学报), 15 (5): 787～789(in Chinese)
[41] Xie L-H(谢林花), Lu J-L( 吕家珑), Zhang Y-P(张一平), et al.2004. Influence of long-term fertilization on phosphorus fertility of calcareous soil Ⅱ. Inorganic and organic phosphorus. Chin J Appl Ecol (应用生态学报), 15(5) :790～794(in Chinese)